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(a) XPS survey spectra of the N-doped samples prepared at various doping temperatures. The N 1s XPS spectrum (dotted gray line) of the N-doped samples prepared at (b) 700°C, (c) 900°C, and (d) 1,000°C. The deconvoluted peaks of N-6, N-5, N-Q, and N-X (coloured lines) and their fitted curves (solid black line) are also designated in each spectrum. (e) The N/C composition ratio for the N-doped samples prepared at various doping temperatures.
