Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Cohort | Individuals (n) | Microarray measurements (n) | Age (years) | Male, n (%) | Disease duration (years) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Range | Median | Range | ||||
| Patients with TID | |||||||
| D-GAP* | 49 | 49 | 12 | 6–34 | 29 (59) | 1.4 | 0–3 |
| CBR† | 15 | 15 | 31 | 22–35 | 5 (33) | 13 | 0–23 |
| Combined | 64 | 64 | 13 | 6–35 | 34 (53) | 1.7 | 0–23 |
| Healthy controls from CBR | |||||||
| IFN-β stimulation‡ | 6 | 6 | 35 | 22–37 | 3 (50) | N/A | N/A |
| IFN signature§ | 87 | 87 | 42 | 22–52 | 27 (31) | N/A | N/A |
| Patients with SLE | 25 | 25 | 43 | 19–61 | 5 (20) | N/A | N/A |
| BABYDIET‖ | 109 | 454 | 1.5 | 0.2–9.1 | 45 (41) | N/A | N/A |
Baseline characteristics for the study participants were stratified by the study cohorts.
Patients with newly diagnosed T1D (duration of disease ≤3 years) enrolled in the Diabetes-Genes, Autoimmunity and Prevention (D-GAP) study.
Long-standing adult patients with T1D enrolled in the Cambridge BioResource (CBR).
Healthy donors selected from the CBR for the IFN-β stimulation assay
Healthy donors selected from the CBR for the microarray assays.
BABYDIET is a prospective birth cohort of children genetically predisposed to T1D with at least one first-degree relative diagnosed with T1D and a carrier of the high-risk HLA-DRB1*03 and/or HLA-DRB1*04 alleles. In the BABYDIET cohort, there were 22 seroconverters (children who persistently developed at least one of four T1D-specific autoantibodies during the course of the study [i.e., IAA, GAD, IA2A, and ZnT8]) and 9 children who progressed to TID. Median age of seroconversion was 2.1 years, and median age at TID diagnosis was 6.2 years. N/A, not applicable.