Table 1.
Characteristics of cancer survivors and their cancers by dietary supplement use and diet quality
| All (n = 2,118) | Dietary supplement use
|
Diet quality scorea
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Users (n = 1,792) | Non-users (n = 326) | pb | < 4.5 (n = 670) | ≥ 4.5 (n = 1,448) | pb | ||
| Agec, y | 78.9 ± 3.9 | 78.9 ± 3.9 | 79.2 ± 3.9 | < 0.0001 | 78.8 ± 3.9 | 79.0 ± 3.9 | 0.42 |
| BMIc, kg/m2 | 26.9 ± 5.3 | 26.8 ± 5.2 | 28.0 ± 5.9 | 0.0002 | 26.8 ± 5.6 | 27.0 ± 5.2 | 0.54 |
| ≥ High school Education (%)d | 86.4 | 87.7 | 79.1 | < 0.0001 | 85.5 | 86.8 | 0.42 |
| Current smoking (%) | 3.5 | 2.7 | 8.0 | < 0.0001 | 5.9 | 2.4 | < 0.0001 |
| Low physical activity (%) | 52.1 | 50.0 | 63.8 | < 0.0001 | 59.3 | 48.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Total comorbidity count | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 0.09 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 0.91 |
| Diabetes (%)e | 16.6 | 15.7 | 21.2 | 0.02 | 14.3 | 17.6 | 0.06 |
| High blood pressure (%)e | 64.5 | 63.8 | 68.4 | 0.11 | 65.5 | 64.1 | 0.52 |
| Perceived general health (%) | |||||||
| Excellent or very good | 27.6 | 28.3 | 23.9 | 0.07 | 23.1 | 29.7 | 0.006 |
| Good | 49.6 | 49.8 | 48.8 | 51.8 | 48.6 | ||
| Fair or poor | 22.8 | 21.9 | 27.3 | 25.1 | 21.7 | ||
| Age at cancer diagnosisc, y | 70.3 ± 6.1 | 70.3 ± 6.1 | 70.2 ± 6.2 | 0.78 | 70.4 ± 6.0 | 70.2 ± 6.1 | 0.41 |
| Cancer type (%) | |||||||
| Breast | 45.7 | 45.9 | 45.1 | 0.81 | 46.1 | 45.6 | 0.97 |
| Colorectal | 18.8 | 18.5 | 20.3 | 18.2 | 19.0 | ||
| Gynecologic | 13.5 | 13.3 | 14.1 | 13.4 | 13.5 | ||
| Other cancer | 22.0 | 22.3 | 20.5 | 22.3 | 21.9 | ||
| Cancer stage (%) | |||||||
| Localized | 70.7 | 70.7 | 70.9 | 0.95 | 68.5 | 71.8 | 0.29 |
| Regional | 21.1 | 21.1 | 21.2 | 22.1 | 20.6 | ||
| Distant | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 5.7 | ||
| Unknown | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 1.9 | ||
| First course of cancer therapy | |||||||
| Surgery (%) | 93.3 | 93.0 | 94.7 | 0.26 | 93.0 | 93.4 | 0.75 |
| Chemotherapy (%) | 16.8 | 17.0 | 15.5 | 0.51 | 15.4 | 17.4 | 0.25 |
| Radiation (%) | 22.2 | 22.4 | 20.9 | 0.54 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 0.70 |
| Hormone therapy (%) | 22.5 | 23.0 | 19.3 | 0.14 | 22.9 | 22.3 | 0.74 |
| Immunotherapy (%) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 0.88 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.55 |
| Time since cancer diagnosis (%) | |||||||
| 2 – < 5 y | 29.4 | 29.9 | 26.7 | 0.47 | 31.3 | 28.5 | 0.09 |
| 5 – < 10 y | 31.6 | 31.5 | 31.9 | 33.0 | 30.9 | ||
| ≥ 10 y | 39.0 | 38.6 | 41.4 | 35.7 | 40.6 | ||
| Subsequent cancer (%) | 12.7 | 12.4 | 13.8 | 0.50 | 13.6 | 12.2 | 0.38 |
| Current cancer treatment (%) | 11.0 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 0.83 | 13.3 | 10.0 | 0.03 |
a
A score for adherence to the dietary recommendations in the 2007 WCRF/AICR guidelines for cancer prevention (range: 0 – 6)
b
Student t-test for continuous variables and x2 test for categorical variables
c
Mean ± standard deviation
d
Data from cohort baseline (1986)
e
Self-reported in the baseline or any follow-up surveys