Table 2.

Dietary factors^a in relation to overall dietary supplement use and diet quality

	All (n = 2,118)	Dietary supplement use			Diet quality scoreb
		Users (n = 1,792)	Non-users (n = 326)	p	< 4.5 (n = 670)	≥ 4.5 (n = 1,448)	p
Diet quality scoreb	4.5 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.6	4.4 ± 0.6	0.002	3.8 ± 0.4	4.8 ± 0.4	<0.0001
Total energy, kcal/d	1934 ± 696	1939 ± 695	1911 ± 704	0.51	1856 ± 742	1970 ± 670	0.0004
Protein, gm/d	86.0 ± 34.9	86.7 ± 35.1	82.3 ± 33.1	0.04	80.1 ± 35.3	88.8 ± 34.2	<0.0001
Carbohydrate, gm/d	239.8 ± 96.6	240.4 ± 96.5	236.6 ± 97.6	0.51	220.5 ± 101.2	248.8 ± 93.2	<0.0001
Total fat, gm/d	73.6 ± 30.3	73.5 ± 30.2	74.4 ± 30.9	0.61	73.7 ± 31.4	73.6 ± 29.8	0.92
Saturated fat, gm/d	25.4 ± 11.2	25.4 ± 11.2	25.7 ± 11.4	0.66	25.7 ± 11.7	25.3 ± 10.9	0.46
Fruits and vegetables, servings/wk	45.3 ± 25.2	45.9 ± 25.2	42.3 ± 25.1	0.02	32.6 ± 22.8	51.2 ± 24.1	<0.0001
Total meat, servings/wk	12.7 ± 7.1	12.8 ± 7.1	12.5 ± 7.1	0.55	12.3 ± 7.5	12.9 ± 6.9	0.04
Whole grains, gm/d	32.1 ± 23.7	32.7 ± 24.1	29.1 ± 20.8	0.01	26.6 ± 19.3	34.7 ± 25.0	<0.0001
Alcohol, gm/d	2.2 ± 6.4	2.3 ± 6.4	1.9 ± 6.4	0.31	4.3 ± 9.4	1.3 ± 4.0	<0.0001
Dietary intake
Vitamin A, IU/d	10798 ± 7951	10948 ± 8143	9971 ± 6746	0.04	8214 ± 7487	11993 ± 7877	<0.0001
Folate, μg/d	388.3 ± 177.6	391.0 ± 179.6	373.5 ± 165.9	0.10	332.3 ± 167.7	414.2 ± 176.2	<0.0001
Vitamin D, IU/d	237.4 ± 158.8	240.2 ± 160.0	221.9 ± 151.6	0.06	219.3 ± 156.8	245.8 ± 159.1	0.0004
Vitamin E, IU/d	11.4 ± 6.0	11.4 ± 6.0	11.0 ± 5.6	0.27	10.1 ± 5.2	12.0 ± 6.2	<0.0001
Iron, gm/d	15.3 ± 7.8	15.5 ± 8.1	14.6 ± 6.4	0.07	13.8 ± 7.0	16.0 ± 8.1	<0.0001
Calcium, mg/d	846.6 ± 439.1	852.8 ± 433.0	812.5 ± 470.2	0.13	790.1 ± 460.1	872.8 ± 426.7	<0.0001
Total intakec
Vitamin A, IU/d	14255 ± 313	15029 ± 9,485	9999 ± 6754	<0.0001	11529 ± 9046	15517 ± 9141	<0.0001
Folate, μg/d	651.5 ± 313.1	701.9 ± 307.1	374.7 ± 167.4	<0.0001	580.2 ± 317.2	684.6 ± 305.8	<0.0001
Vitamin D, IU/d	529.0 ± 321.2	584.5 ± 312.4	224.3 ± 155.6	<0.0001	507.6 ± 329.0	538.9 ± 317.1	0.04
Vitamin E, IU/d	114.0 ± 145.8	132.7 ± 151.2	11.1 ± 5.8	<0.0001	105.5 ± 139.2	117.9 ± 148.7	0.07
Iron, gm/d	24.1 ± 19.2	25.8 ± 20.2	14.7 ± 6.5	<0.0001	22.2 ± 18.9	25.0 ± 19.3	0.002
Calcium, mg/d	1318.8± 645.5	1410.9 ± 630.2	813.0 ± 471.0	<0.0001	1219.0 ± 662.0	1365.1 ± 632.6	<0.0001

^aMean ± standard deviation

^bA score for adherence to the dietary recommendations in the 2007 WCRF/AICR guidelines for cancer prevention (range: 0 – 6).

^cSums of the nutrient intake from natural and fortified foods and dietary supplements