Table 3.
Dietary supplement use and all-cause mortality (n = 608) among cancer survivors
| User % | Dietary supplement use
|
HR (95% CI)a
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-users (deaths/N) | Users (deaths/N) | Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | ||
| Any supplement | 84.6 | 99 / 326 | 509 / 1792 | 0.93 (0.75 – 1.15) | 0.99 (0.79 – 1.25) | 1.00 (0.80 – 1.26) |
| Multivitamin | 63.8 | 219 / 709 | 369 / 1352 | 0.89 (0.76 – 1.06) | 1.02 (0.86 – 1.22) | 1.02 (0.85 – 1.22) |
| Vitamin A | 5.2 | 536 / 1899 | 34 / 111 | 1.12 (0.79 – 1.58) | 1.16 (0.80 – 1.67) | 1.19 (0.83 – 1.69) |
| Beta-carotene | 2.3 | 593 / 2069 | 15 / 49 | 1.03 (0.62 – 1.72) | 1.30 (0.76 – 2.23) | 1.25 (0.74 – 2.10) |
| Vit. B complex | 7.9 | 561 / 1950 | 47 / 168 | 0.94 (0.70 – 1.26) | 0.97 (0.70 – 1.33) | 0.98 (0.72 – 1.34) |
| Vitamin B6 | 7.0 | 523 / 1848 | 44 / 149 | 1.03 (0.76 – 1.41) | 0.97 (0.70 – 1.35) | 0.99 (0.72 – 1.37) |
| Folic acid | 6.4 | 556 / 1982 | 52 / 136 | 1.51 (1.13 – 2.00) | 1.21 (0.88 – 1.65) | 1.21 (0.89 – 1.64) |
| Vitamin C | 27.0 | 402 / 1426 | 169 / 572 | 1.06 (0.89 – 1.27) | 1.02 (0.84 – 1.24) | 1.05 (0.87 – 1.27) |
| Vitamin D | 12.0 | 538 / 1863 | 70 / 255 | 0.89 (0.69 – 1.14) | 0.84 (0.64 – 1.11) | 0.82 (0.63 – 1.08) |
| Vitamin E | 31.0 | 402 / 1356 | 164 / 657 | 0.86 (0.71 – 1.03) | 0.91 (0.75 – 1.10) | 0.93 (0.77 – 1.12) |
| Calcium | 59.3 | 243 / 791 | 336 / 1255 | 0.86 (0.73 – 1.02) | 0.91 (0.77 – 1.09) | 0.91 (0.76 – 1.08) |
| Copper | 0.8 | 603 / 2102 | 5 / 16 | 1.11 (0.46 – 2.68) | 1.25 (0.51 – 3.04) | 1.26 (0.51 – 3.06) |
| Iron | 10.0 | 481 / 1780 | 88 / 211 | 1.68 (1.34 – 2.11) | 1.43 (1.12 – 1.83) | 1.39 (1.09 – 1.77) |
| Magnesium | 6.0 | 568 / 1991 | 40 / 127 | 1.11 (0.81 – 1.53) | 1.12 (0.79 – 1.59) | 1.17 (0.83 – 1.65) |
| Selenium | 4.2 | 537 / 1880 | 23 / 88 | 0.86 (0.57 – 1.31) | 1.02 (0.64 – 1.61) | 1.04 (0.67 – 1.64) |
| Zinc | 8.0 | 513 / 1805 | 48 / 169 | 0.96 (0.71 – 1.29) | 0.99 (0.72 – 1.36) | 0.98 (0.72 – 1.34) |
a
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared to non-users of each dietary supplement in each stratum as a reference group.
b
Adjusted for age and energy intake.
c
Adjusted for age, energy intake, body mass index, physical activity level, current smoking, total comorbidity index, perceived general health, history of diabetes, history of high blood pressure, cancer type, caner stage, surgery, chemotherapy, number of cancers, current cancer treatment, and years since cancer diagnosis.
d
Adjusted for covariates included in Model 2 plus diet quality score.