IF was not different in epithelium intact human bronchi determined following exposure to Ca2+ free solution (0.0 mM Ca2+) when compared to the addition of lanthanum (1 mM) in nominally zero Ca2+ - buffer. However, in the presence of 2.39 mM Ca2+ 1 mM lanthanum did not dissipate IF. * P < 0.01 compared with control. Data were the mean ± SE. Mean of 6 experiments, with tissue from 6 individuals. Zero Ca2+ buffer, Zero Ca2+ buffer containing 1 mM lanthanum and PSS buffer with 1 mM lanthanum resulted in a significant decrease in PSS buffer basal tone in ASM (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively, data not shown).