. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Anesth Analg. 2014 Mar;118(3):525–544. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000088

Table 4.

“Normal values” for longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain measured by transthoracic echocardiography with various ultrasound systems and software analysis packages. Data is presented as mean ± SD.

Author	Approach	Subjects	Longitudinal Strain	Circumferential Strain	Radial strain
Yingchoncharoen et al.³⁹	Meta-analysis of 24 studies using various ultrasound systems and speckle-tracking software	2597 subjects from 24 studies	−19.7 ± 0.4%	−23.3 ± 0.7%	47.3 ± 1.9%
Manovel et al.¹¹²	Vivid 7 with EchoPAC (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway), speckle-tracking	28 healthy subjects (age 38 ± 12)	−21.95 ± 1.8%	−23.18 ± 3.3%	46.97 ± 5.5%
Manovel et al.¹¹²	Artida 4D and 2D Wall Motion tracking (Toshiba Medical Systems), speckle tracking	28 healthy subjects (age 38 ± 12)	−22.28 ± 2.1%	−27.17 ± 4.7%	40.74 ± 4.3%
Marwick et al.¹⁸	Vivid 7 with EchoPAC (GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway), speckle-tracking	242 healthy subjects	−18.6 ±1.6%
Dalen et al.³¹	Vivid 7 (GE Healthcare), combination of TDI and speckle tracking	1266 free from DM or CV disease	−17.4 ± 2.3% (females) −15.9% ± 2.3% (males)
Dalen et al. ³¹	Vivid 7 with Automated Function Imaging (GE Healthcare), combination of TDI and speckle tracking	57 subjects free from cardiovascular disease	−17.4 ± 3.4%
Dalen et al. ³¹	Vivid 7 (GE Healthcare), TDI with fixed Region of Interest	57 subjects free from cardiovascular disease	−17.7 ± 8.5%
Dalen et al. ³¹	Vivid 7 and Automated Function Imaging (GE Healthcare), speckle-tracking	57 subjects free from cardiovascular disease	−18.4 ± 5.9%
Sun et al.¹²⁰	Vivid 7 (GE Healthcare), Speckle-tracking	228 healthy subjects	−20.4 ± 3.4%	−22.9 ± 3.1%	42.6±12.9%
Kuznetsova et al.¹²¹	Vivid 7 and EchoPAC (GE Healthcare), TDI strain	480 subjects from a general population	−22.9 ± 1.9%		59.2 ± 2.5%