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. 2014 May 8;2014:360438. doi: 10.1155/2014/360438

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Copyright © 2014 Antonio Ayala et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Enzymatic production of 4-HNE and metabolism. In plant enzymatic route to 4-HNE includes lipoxygenase (LOX), -hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), alkenal oxygenase (AKO), and peroxygenases. 4-HNE metabolism may lead to the formation of corresponding alcohol 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene (DHN), corresponding acid 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid (HNA), and HNE–glutathione conjugate products. 4-HNE conjugation with glutathione s-transferase (GSH) produce glutathionyl-HNE (GS-HNE) followed by NADH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-)catalysed reduction to glutathionyl-DNH (GS-DNH) and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-)catalysed oxidation to glutathionyl-HNA (GS-HNA). 4-HNE is metabolized by ALDH yielding HNA, which is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) to form 9-hydroxy-HNA (9-OH-HNA). 4-HNE may be also metabolized by ADH to produce DNH.