Table 1.
Association Between Characteristics at Zero-Time* and Disability Outcomes at 6-Year Follow-up Among Study Participants
| No Incident Mobility Disability | Incident Mobility Disability | p | No Incident ADL Disability | Incident ADL Disability | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 633 | n = 91 | n = 653 | n = 74 | |||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 64.91 (15.10) | 78.98 (6.06) | <.0001 | 65.28 (15.05) | 79.55 (5.78) | <.0001 |
| Education, mean (SD), years | 7.51 (4.43) | 5.57 (3.27) | <.0001 | 7.44 (4.42) | 5.62 (3.14) | .001 |
| Body Mass Index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 26.34 (3.78) | 26.26 (4.36) | .866 | 26.35 (3.80) | 25.94 (4.23) | .381 |
| Walking speed, mean (SD), m/s | 1.19 (0.23) | 0.89 (0.24) | <.0001 | 1.18 (0.23) | 0.87 (0.26) | <.0001 |
| Short Physical Performance Battery, mean (SD) | 11.10 (1.43) | 8.14 (2.91) | <.0001 | 11.05 (1.50) | 7.51 (3.09) | <.0001 |
| Women, % | 53.1 | 63.7 | .056 | 53.8 | 59.5 | .350 |
| Physical activity, % | <.0001 | <.0001 | ||||
| Sedentary | 7.9 | 34.1 | 8.9 | 32.4 | ||
| Moderate | 55.9 | 55 | 55.9 | 55.4 | ||
| Active | 36.2 | 11 | 35.2 | 12.2 | ||
| Smoking, % | .276 | .462 | ||||
| Never | 55.6 | 64.4 | 56.4 | 61.6 | ||
| Former | 28 | 23.3 | 27.3 | 27.4 | ||
| Current | 16.4 | 12.2 | 16.4 | 11 | ||
| Alcohol use (≥3 drinks/d), % | 16 | 7.3 | .039 | 15.7 | 9.1 | .155 |
| Hypertension, % | 26.9 | 36.2 | .176 | 26.8 | 39.5 | .095 |
| Coronary heart disease, % | 5.0 | 1.3 | .132 | 4.9 | 3 | .506 |
| Stroke, % | 1.1 | 3.3 | .096 | 1.1 | 4.1 | .037 |
| Peripheral arterial disease, % | 2.7 | 13.6 | <.0001 | 3.3 | 11.3 | .001 |
| Diabetes, % | 2.9 | 2.5 | .830 | 3.0 | 1.5 | .511 |
| Pulmonary disease, % | 1.0 | 4.7 | .009 | 1.0 | 6.0 | .001 |
| Lower extremity osteoarthritis, % | 6.3 | 16.5 | .001 | 6.6 | 17.6 | .001 |
| Depressive symptoms, % | 28.0 | 48.3 | <.0001 | 28.5 | 52.8 | <.0001 |
| MMSE score, mean (SD) | 27.19 (2.72) | 24.03 (4.55) | <.0001 | 27.13 (2.75) | 23.51 (4.83) | <.0001 |
Notes: Data are shown in percent or mean (SD). Persons who died or were lost during the follow-up (167 for mobility/174 for ADL) are not included in this table. ADL = activities of daily living; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination.
*InCHIANTI 3-year follow-up wave.