Table 5. Relative risk of various demographic and clinical characteristics for death within 30 days of admission among SARI patients admitted to 8 hospitals in Kenya, January 2008–June 2013.
| Total (N = 9,339) | Fatal cases (N = 246) | Non-fatal cases (N = 9,093) | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusteda RR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| n(%)¥ | n(%)¥ | ||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 5,171 | 126(2.4) | 5045(97.6) | Ref | |||
| Female | 4,168 | 120(2.9) | 4048(97.1) | 1.2(0.9–1.5) | 0.185 | 1.1(0.9–1.4) | 0.379 |
| Site | |||||||
| Kenyatta NH | 733 | 57(7.8) | 676(92.2) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Coast PGH | 842 | 17(2.0) | 825(98.0) | 0.3(0.2–0.4) | <0.001 | 0.4(0.2–0.8) | 0.012 |
| Nakuru PGH | 1,065 | 23(2.2) | 1042(97.8) | 0.3(0.2–0.4) | <0.001 | 0.5(0.3–0.9) | 0.013 |
| Nyeri PGH | 1,648 | 25(1.5) | 1623(98.5) | 0.2(0.1–0.3) | <0.001 | 0.3(0.2–0.5) | 0.000 |
| Kakamega PGH | 1,783 | 17(1.0) | 1766(99.0) | 0.1(0.1–0.2) | <0.001 | 0.2(0.1–0.5) | 0.000 |
| Embu PGH | 153 | 5(3.3) | 148(96.7) | 0.4(0.2–1.0) | 0.058 | 0.8(0.3–2.3) | 0.726 |
| Garissa PGH | 68 | 6(8.8) | 62(91.2) | 1.1(0.5–2.5) | 0.758 | 1.5(0.8–3.1) | 0.207 |
| Siaya DH | 3,047 | 96(3.2) | 2951(96.8) | 0.4(0.3–0.6) | <0.001 | 0.4(0.1–1.7) | 0.225 |
| Length of illness before presenting to hospital | |||||||
| 0–3 days | 4,745 | 97(2.0) | 4648(98.0) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 4–7 days | 3,901 | 114(2.9) | 3787(97.1) | 1.4(1.1–1.9) | 0.009 | 1.3(1.0–1.7) | 0.066 |
| >7 days | 693 | 35(5.1) | 658(94.9) | 2.5(1.7–3.6) | <0.001 | 1.6(1.1–2.3) | 0.023 |
| Duration of hospitalization | |||||||
| 0–3 days | 4,466 | 113(2.5) | 4353(97.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 4–7 days | 3,724 | 82(2.2) | 3642(97.8) | 0.9(0.7–1.2) | 0.332 | 0.7(0.6–1.0) | 0.028 |
| >7 days | 1,149 | 51(4.4) | 1098(95.6) | 1.8(1.3–2.4) | 0.001 | 0.9(0.6–1.2) | 0.442 |
| Influenza test | |||||||
| Tested negative | 8,585 | 239(2.8) | 8346(97.2) | Ref | |||
| Tested positive | 754 | 7(0.9) | 747(99.1) | 0.3(0.2–0.7) | 0.004 | 0.4(0.2–0.8) | 0.010 |
| Underlying chronic disease | |||||||
| No underlying chronic disease | 5732 | 114(2.0) | 5618(98.0) | Ref | |||
| Reported any underlying chronic disease | 525 | 34(6.5) | 491(93.5) | 3.3(2.2–4.7) | <0.001 | 1.9(1.3–2.8) | 0.001 |
| Signs and symptoms on admission * | |||||||
| Reported or documented fever (Yes vs. No) | 7,954 | 209(2.6) | 7745(97.4) | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 0.925 | - | |
| Difficulty in breathing/shortness of breath (Yes vs. No) | 6,637 | 172(2.6) | 6465(97.4) | 0.9(0.7–1.2) | 0.687 | - | |
| Weight loss (Yes vs. No) | 3,004 | 145(4.8) | 2859(95.2) | 3.2(2.5–4.1) | <0.001 | 2.1(1.6–2.9) | 0.000 |
| Convulsions (Yes vs. No) | 2,413 | 49(2.0) | 2364(98.0) | 0.7(0.5–1.0) | 0.032 | 0.8(0.6–1.1) | 0.169 |
| Stridor (Yes vs. No)b | 1,433 | 49(3.4) | 1384(96.6) | 1.4(1.0–2.0) | 0.037 | 1.0(0.7–1.4) | 0.891 |
| Nasal flaring (Yes vs. No)b | 4,175 | 110(2.6) | 4065(97.4) | 1.1(0.8–1.5) | 0.447 | - | |
| Tachypnea (Yes vs. No)b | 2,098 | 69(3.3) | 2029(96.7) | 2.0(1.4–2.8) | <0.001 | 1.0(0.6–1.5) | 0.841 |
| Chest in-drawing (Yes vs. No)b | 3,552 | 98(2.8) | 3454(97.2) | 1.2(0.9–1.6) | 0.159 | 1.5(1.1–2.0) | 0.016 |
| Grunting (Yes vs. No)b | 2,476 | 80(3.2) | 2396(96.8) | 2.5(1.7–3.7) | <0.001 | 1.6(1.0–2.7) | 0.070 |
| Unable to drink or breastfeed at all (Yes vs. No)b | 2,391 | 61(2.6) | 2330(97.4) | 1.1(0.8–1.4) | 0.711 | - | |
| Lethargic (Yes vs. No) | 2,694 | 105(3.9) | 2589(96.1) | 1.8(1.4–2.4) | <0.001 | 1.2(0.9–1.6) | 0.265 |
| Loss of consciousness (Yes vs. No) | 664 | 32(4.8) | 632(95.2) | 2.0(1.4–2.8) | <0.001 | 2.2(1.4–3.3) | 0.000 |
| Headache (Yes vs. No) | 436 | 22(5.0) | 414(95.0) | 2.0(1.3–3.1) | 0.001 | 1.9(1.2–3.0) | 0.011 |
| Nausea (Yes vs. No) | 1,058 | 44(4.2) | 1014(95.8) | 1.7(1.2–2.4) | 0.001 | 1.2(0.8–1.8) | 0.273 |
| Vomiting (Yes vs. No) | 4,681 | 105(2.2) | 4576(97.8) | 0.7(0.6–1.0) | 0.018 | 0.9(0.6–1.1) | 0.311 |
a
Adjusted for variables that were significant at p<.2 in the bivariate analysis and data collection site;
b
Applies only for children <5 years;
¥
Row percentages shown.
*Signs such as stridor, nasal flaring, tachypnea, chest in-drawing and grunting were evaluated at the time of patient presentation to the hospital.