Table 1.

Summary of experimental and modeling studies reporting maximum in vivo knee contact forces during gait.

Study	No. of Subjects	Condition	Total Force	Medial Force	Lateral Force
Taylor et al. (1998)14	1	Overground	2.5	—	—
D’Lima et al. (2005)15	1	Overground	2.8	—	—
D’Lima et al. (2005)15	1	Treadmill	2.0	—	—
D’Lima et al. (2006)16	1	Overground	2.4	—	—
D’Lima et al. (2007)17	1	Overground	2.3	—	—
Zhao et al. (2007)18	1	Treadmill	2.2	1.2	1.0
D’Lima et al. (2008)19	3	Treadmill	1.8 to 2.5	—	—
Fregly et al. (2009)20	1	Overground	2.3	1.8	0.5
Heinlein et al. (2009)21	2	Overground	2.1 to 2.8	—	—
Erhart et al. (2010)22	1	Overground	2.6	1.7	0.9
Kutzner et al. (2010)23	5	Overground	2.2 to 3.0	—	—
Kutzner et al. (2011)24	3	Overground	2.1 to 2.5	1.5 to 2.0	0.5 to 0.9
Morrison et al. (1970)9	12	Model	2.1 to 4.0	—	—
Seirig et al. (1975)25	1	Model	6.7	—	—
Mikosz et al. (1988)26	1	Model	5.0	—	—
Schipplein and Andriacchi (1991)27	1	Model	3.2	—	—
Kuster et al. (1997)28	12	Model	3.4 to 3.9	—	—
Wimmer et al. (1997)29	1	Model	3.3	—	—
Komistek et al. (1998)30	1	Model	2.3	—	—
Lu et al. (1998)31	2	Model	2.2	—	—
Heller et al. (2003)32	4	Model	3.3
Taylor et al. (2004)7	4	Model	2.7 to 3.8	—	—
Shelburne et al. (2005)33	1	Model	2.9	2.4	0.5
Thambyah et al. (2005)34	10	Model	2.9 to 3.5	—	—
Shelburne et al. (2006)35	1	Model	2.7	2.2	0.5
Kim et al. (2009)5	1	Model	2.0 to 2.6	1.2 to 1.8	0.8 to 0.8
Lundberg et al. (2009)36	1	Model	3.5	2.5	1.0
Wehner et al. (2009)37	1	Model	3.3	—	—
Winby et al. (2009)38	1	Model	3.0 to 4.4	2.0 to 3.0	1.0 to 1.4
Catalfamo et al. (2010)39	1	Model	8.1	—	—
Lin et al. (2010)6	1	Model	1.8 to 3.6	1.4 to 2.7	0.4 to 0.9

Note: An expanded list of references for material presented in this article is provided as Supplementary Material.