Table 1.
Listing of existing neuropsychological studies on hemophiliacs HIV+ patients.
| Reference | Country; type of participants | Cognitive functions examined | Major neurocognitive findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blanchette et al. (2002) | Canada; cross-sectional study in children: 14 HIV+ and 11 HIV−hemophiliacs | IQ, language, visual memory, verbal memory, motor speed, spatial memory, fine motor skills | HIV+ hemophiliacs showed impairment in motor speed and fine motor skills in comparison with HIV-patients |
| Hilgartner et al. (1993) | USA; cross-sectional study in children and adolescents. Three hundred thirty-three patients aged 6–18: 207 HIV+ hemophiliacs and 126 HIV−hemophiliacs (from HGDS) | IQ, memory, language, attention, visual perception, spatial perception, fine motor skills, emotional functioning | Around the 50% HIV+ hemophiliacs showed scores 1 SD below expected levels in three functional areas in comparison with HIV−hemophiliacs: IQ, language, memory |
| Loveland et al. (1994) | USA; from HGDS: cross-sectional results | IQ, memory, language, attention, visual perception, spatial perception, fine motor skills, emotional functioning | HIV+ hemophiliacs obtained lower results in comparison with HIV−hemophiliacs in the following areas: non-verbal intelligence (IQ), spatial perception, memory (non-verbal), language, decreasing is a linear relationship with the decreasing of immune functioning |
| Loveland et al. (2000) | USA; from HGDS: longitudinal results | IQ, memory, language, attention, visual perception, spatial perception, fine motor skills | HIV+ hemophiliacs obtained lower results in comparison with HIV−hemophiliacs in the following areas: non-verbal intelligence (IQ), perception, memory (non-verbal), language, decreasing is a linear relationship with the decreasing of immune functioning |
| Nichols et al. (2000) | USA; from HGDS: longitudinal results | Adaptive behavior style (including communication skills), emotional functioning | Decline in communication skills. Decreasing is a linear relationship with the decreasing of immune functioning |
| Riedel et al. (1992) | Germany; cross-sectional study in adults. 181 HIV+, and 28 HIV−hemophiliacs | Visual memory, motor speed, language, attention | HIV+ hemophiliacs obtained lower results in comparison with HIV−hemophiliacs in the following areas: attention, visuoperceptual speed, visuomotor speed, memory (verbal), decreasing is a linear relationship with the decreasing of immune functioning |
| Sirois et al. (1998) | USA; cross-sectional study in children and adolescents aged from 7 to 19: 178 HIV+ and 120 HIV−hemophiliacs | IQ, language, memory, attention, visual memory, spatial perception, fine motor skills, coordination, adaptive behavior | No differences between groups (lower performances of HIV+ are associated with covariates such as academic problems, head trauma, parents’ level of education) |
| Thompson et al. (1996) | UK; cross-sectional study in adolescents: 31 HIV+, and 33 HIV−hemophiliacs plus 16 controls | IQ, motor skills, motor speed, language, memory | HIV+ hemophiliacs performed better on most tests than HIV−hemophiliacs |
| Turnbull et al. (1991) | South Africa; case-study with four adults HIV+ hemophiliacs | IQ, visual memory, spatial perception, visual perception | HIV+ hemophiliacs obtained lower results in comparison with HIV−hemophiliacs in higher mental functions |
| Watkins et al. (2000) | USA; from HGDS: longitudinal results | Attention | Sustained attention was significant below in HIV+ hemophiliacs in comparison with -patient independently from the levels of CD4+ cells |
| Whitt et al. (1993) | USA; cross-sectional study in children and adolescents: 25 HIV+ and 38 HIV−hemophiliacs | IQ, attention, motor skills, visual processing, language, memory | HIV+ hemophiliacs obtained lower results (1SD below) in comparison with HIV−hemophiliacs in the following areas: attention, visuoperceptual speed, visuomotor speed |