Table 3. Environmental Characteristics at age 17.
| Never (n = 449) |
YA O -D (n = 43) |
YA O -P (n = 27) |
AO-D (n = 33) |
AO-P (n = 14) |
Adolescent Onset | Persistent Course | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F-statistic | Partial η2 | F-statistic | Partial η2 | ||||||
| Parent Characteristics (t-scores) | |||||||||
| Mother Socioeconomic Status | 50.2 (9.9) | 52.2 (7.9) | 49.9 (9.6) | 48.9 (12.1) | 48.0 (13.0) | F(1,114.0)=2.1 | 0.018 | F(1,114.0)=0.8 | 0.007 |
| Father Socioeconomic Status | 50.4 (9.9) | 52.2 (9.6) | 49.6 (10.4) | 48.6 (11.3) | 46.1 (12.9) | F(1,114.0)=3.2 | 0.027 | F(1,114.0)=1.6 | 0.014 |
| Mother Externalizing | 49.5 (9.8) | 51.2 (11.1) | 52.0 (8.6) | 52.1 (8.9) | 50.0 (15.7) | F(1,114.0)=0.0 | 0.000 | F(1,114.0)=0.0 | 0.001 |
| Father Externalizing | 49.5 (9.7) | 47.4 (8.1) | 50.7 (10.8) | 56.9 (12.0)** | 52.1 (12.1) | F(1,90.0)=9.8 | 0.098* | F(1.90.0)=0.0 | 0.000 |
| Mother-child relationship quality | 51.0 (9.7) | 48.4 (10.2) | 49.6 (6.8) | 44.8 (10.8)* | 43.9 (9.7)* | F(1,100.3)=4.6 | 0.048 ‡ | F(1,56.7)=0.5 | 0.000 |
| Father-child relationship quality | 51.2 (9.5) | 49.7 (8.9) | 43.3 (12.9)** | 46.0 (10.5)* | 42.0 (11.6)** | F(1,37.3)=2.7 | 0.017 | F(1,23.3)=1.1 | 0.060 |
| Stressful life events | |||||||||
| # Family-level stressful life events | 2.5 (2.7) | 2.7 (2.5) | 2.9 (3.1) | 4.6 (3.2)** | 4.5 (3.2)* | F(1,107.1)=18.5 | 0.081** | F(1,65.8)=0.1 | 0.000 |
| # School problems | 1.1 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.4)** | 2.1 (1.4)* | F(1,110.2)=7.1 | 0.081* | F(1,109.5)=0.3 | 0.001 |
| # Alcohol/drug and legal problems | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.9)* | 0.5 (0.9) | 1.5 (1.3)** | 1.8 (1.3)** | F(1,105.4)=21.4 | 0.166** | F(1,114.0)=0 | 0.000 |
| Peers (t-scores) | |||||||||
| Prosocial peers | 50.8 (8.9) | 52.5 (9.7) | 50.3 (10.3) | 44.0 (10.1)** | 45.7 (8.4) ‡ | F(1,94.8)=11.9 | 0.120* | F(1,93.0)=0.5 | 0.001 |
| Antisocial peers | 48.0 (8.8) | 53.4 (9.3)** | 52.5 (10.8) ‡ | 61.4 (11.4)** | 58.8 (8.2)** | F(1,64.9)=9.3 | 0.119* | F(1,47.9)=0.8 | 0.006 |
p < .05;
p < .01;
p < .001.
YAO-D = Young Adult Onset- Desist; YAO-P = Young Adult Onset-Persist; AO-D = Adolescent Onset-Desist; AO-P = Adolescent Onset-Persist. AUD = Alcohol use disorder. Adolescent onset = AUD onset by age 17; Young adult onset = AUD onset by age 20 or 24; Desist = 0 AUD symptoms at age 29; Persist = AUD at age 29. Values in the columns for the AUD groups are the means and standard deviations for the respective group and measure. Symbols indicating significance levels on these values indicate whether the mean for the given AUD group is significantly different from the mean of the never group (i.e., individuals who did not meet criteria for AUD between age 17 to 29). The partial eta squared (η2) in the Adolescent Onset and Persistent Course columns is a measure of predictive power of the given after controlling for the other. The non-integer and varying values for the degrees of freedom for the F-tests are due to adjustments for the correlated twin observations and different levels of missing data for certain variables.