Table 5. Social Outcomes at age 29.
| Never (n = 449) |
YA O -D (n = 43) |
YA O -P (n = 27) |
AO-D (n = 33) |
AO-P (n = 14) |
Adolescen Onset | Persistent Course | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F-statistic | Partial η2 | F-statistic | Partial η2 | ||||||
| Education, Work, Finances | |||||||||
| Educational attainment (years) | 13.5 (2.9) | 13.9 (3.3) | 12.6 (1.9) | 13.3 (2.6) | 13.1 (1.7) | F(1,92.1)=0.3 | 0.003 | F(1,108.6)=2.6 | 0.021 |
| Occupational Status | 3.8 (2.0) | 3.3 (1.8) | 4.7 (2.1) ‡ | 4.5 (2.2) ‡ | 4.6 (1.9) | F(1,100)=4.1 | 0.027 | F(1,114)=5.1 | 0.068 ‡ |
| Income | 33.5K (23.6K) | 40.1K (36.8K) | 28.5K (19.6K) | 24.5K (17.9K) ‡ | 27.6K (14.6K) | F(1,111.7)=3.2 | 0.038 ‡ | F(1,73.8)=1.7 | 0.012 |
| # Financial problems | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.6 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.8)* | F(1,109)=1.4 | 0.013 | F(1,109)=1 | 0.010 |
| # Legal and alcohol/drug problems | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.4 (0.8)** | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.9 (1.1)** | F(1,74.4)=1.5 | 0.013 | F(1,113.9)=12.4 | 0.097* |
| Social Environment | |||||||||
| Prosocial peers (t-score) | 51.0 (9.0) | 49.8 (10.6) | 45.4 (10.4)* | 44.4 (16.9)** | 43.36 (8.25)* | F(1,98.4)=2.7 | 0.028 | F(1,106.6)=2.6 | 0.015 |
| Antisocial peers (t-score) | 48.1 (9.1) | 52.9 (9.3)* | 58.4 (8.8)** | 54.1 (11.0)** | 66.4 (8.1)** | F(1,93.2)=3.2 | 0.030 | F(1,109.9)=17.5 | 0.135** |
| # sex partners | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.4) | 2.9 (2.3)** | 1.6 (1.5) | 1.9 (0.8) | F(1,102.5)=2.8 | 0.014 | F(1,103.4)=12.8 | 0.068* |
| Partner's drinking (t-score) | 48.8 (9.4) | 50.7 (7.4) | 58.0 (11.4)** | 53.1 (10.2) ‡ | 60.4 (8.7)** | F(1,77.2)=1.1 | 0.016 | F(1,89.7)=12.0 | 0.125* |
| Partner's substance use attitudes (t-score) | 48.5 (9.5) | 54.8 (9.4)** | 55.7 (7.6)* | 54.4 (9.7)* | 60.4 (8.3)** | F(1,80.7)=0.3 | 0.005 | F(1,89)=1.9 | 0.022 |
| Marriage and Children | |||||||||
| Age 1st cohabitate | 22.1 (3.1) | 22.1 (2.7) | 21.9 (3.1) | 20.3 (3.1)* | 21.8 (4.5) | F(1,99.9)=3.6 | 0.035 | F(1,94.2)=0.4 | 0.004 |
| Age 1st married | 23.9 (2.8) | 24.8 (2.4) | 24.8 (2.4) | 24.1 (3.0) | 26.2 (2.3) ‡ | F(1,62)=0.1 | 0.001 | F(1,62)=1.3 | 0.020 |
| Age 1st had a child | 24.6 (3.6) | 24.6 (3.0) | 21.8 (4.5) ‡ | 1.2 (4.9)** | 23.2 (4.1) | F(1,54)=3.8 | 0.066 | F(1,53.6)=0.9 | 0.010 |
| Wald Chi-square | Odds Ratio | Wald Chi-square | Odds Ratio | ||||||
|
|
|||||||||
| Ever Cohabitated | 68.8% | 86.0% ‡ | 77.8% | 78.8% | 100.0% ‡ | χ²(1) = 0.4 | 1.35 | χ²(1) = 0.0 | 1.14 |
| Cohabited by age 23 | 44.5% | 48.8% | 48.2% | 63.6% | 57.1% | χ²(1) = 1.9 | 1.71 | χ²(1) = 0.2 | 0.85 |
| Ever married | 71.0% | 60.5% | 44.4% * | 66.7% | 42.9% ‡ | χ²(1) = 0.1 | 1.12 | χ²(1) = 1.0 | 0.65 |
| Ever separated or divorced | 6.6% | 8.1% | 13.0% | 9.8% | 25.0% ‡ | χ² (1) = 0.8 | 1.66 | χ² (1) = 2.7 | 2.61 |
| Ever had a child | 51.6% | 55.8% | 33.3% ‡ | 54.5% | 42.9% | χ² (1) = 0.0 | 1.01 | χ² (1) = 4.9 | 0.43 ‡ |
| Had a child by age 23 | 18.3% | 18.6% | 22.2% | 36.4% ‡ | 14.3% | χ² (1) = 1.0 | 1.57 | χ² (1) = 0.5 | 0.72 |
p < .05;
p < .01;
p < .001.
YAO-D = Young Adult Onset- Desist; YAO-P = Young Adult Onset-Persist; AO-D = Adolescent Onset-Desist; AO-P = Adolescent Onset-Persist. AUD = Alcohol use disorder. Adolescent onset = AUD onset by age 17; Young adult onset = AUD onset by age 20 or 24; Desist = 0 AUD symptoms at age 29; Persist = AUD at age 29. Values in the columns for the AUD groups are the means and standard deviations for the respective group and measure. Symbols indicating significance levels on these values indicate whether the mean for the given AUD group is significantly different from the mean of the never group (i.e., individuals who did not meet criteria for AUD between age 17 to 29). The partial eta squared (η2) in the Adolescent Onset and Persistent Course columns is a measure of predictive power of the given after controlling for the other. The non-integer and varying values for the degrees of freedom for the F-tests are due to adjustments for the correlated twin observations and different levels of missing data for certain variables.