Table 3.

Associations between macronutrients and metabolic outcomes in men (n=148) and women (n=75) who provided physical activity data

Macronutrient		Metabolic outcomes	Regression coefficient, β (95% CI)	p value
Change to % energy from total carbohydrates	Men	HbA1c % (mmol/L)	−0.003 (−0.006 to −0.001) (−0.005 (−0.009 to −0.001))	0.009
Change to fibre (NSP) intake (g)	All	Total cholesterol	−0.023 (−0.044 to −0.002)	0.033
	Men	Total cholesterol	−0.025 (−0.047 to −0.003)	0.023
Change to % energy from total fat	All	LDL cholesterol	0.018 (0.003 to 0.032)	0.016
	Men	LDL cholesterol	0.024 (0.006 to 0.042)	0.011
Change to % energy from trans fat	All	Waist circumference	0.014 (0.003 to 0.024)	0.011
	Women	Waist circumference	0.029 (0.006 to 0.052)	0.015
		Total cholesterol	0.399 (0.028 to 0.770)	0.036
		LDL cholesterol	0.365 (0.042 to 0.688)	0.028
Change to % energy from monounsaturated fats	All	LDL cholesterol	0.036 (0.006 to 0.065)	0.018
Change to % energy from alcohol	All	Diastolic blood pressure	0.217 (0.020 to 0.414)	0.031
	Men	Diastolic blood pressure	0.276 (0.055 to 0.497)	0.015

All models are adjusted for change in energy intake, outcome at baseline, age, BMI, time since diagnosis, relevant hypoglycaemic mediation (metformin, sulfonylureas, glitazones), lipid lowering medication or antihypertensives, dietary supplements, mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

For each macronutrient listed, a 1% (1 g for fibre) increase is associated with the change in outcome listed.

BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NSP, non-starch polysaccharide.