Table 1.

Linear Regressions of Number of Recessions at Ages 25-34, 35-44, and 45-49 on Cognitive Function at Ages 50-74, Controlling for First Occupation, Childhood Self-Rated Health, Number of Diseases, Number of Injuries, Number of Mental Conditions, School Performance, Parental Occupation, Number of Books in Parental Household at Age 10, and Education^a

	Men			Women
	Coeff.	95% CI	P	Coeff.	95% CI	P
Recessions
Ages 25-34	0.01	(-0.02, 0.04)	0.54	-0.03	(-0.04, -0.01)	< 0.01
Ages 35-44	-0.01	(-0.06, 0.04)	0.71	-0.02	(-0.04, -0.00)	0.04
Ages 45-49	-0.06	(-0.11, -0.01)	0.02	-0.02	(-0.05, 0.01)	0.11
Age (Splines)
50-54	0.19	(-0.02, 0.39)	0.07	-0.1	(-0.22, 0.02)	0.10
55-59	0.04	(-0.04, 0.12)	0.30	-0.03	(-0.11, 0.05)	0.43
60-64	-0.04	(-0.07, -0.00)	0.03	-0.01	(-0.04, 0.02)	0.45
65-69	-0.01	(-0.04, 0.02)	0.49	-0.04	(-0.05, -0.03)	< 0.01
70-74	-0.02	(-0.04, 0.00)	0.11	-0.02	(-0.03, 0.00)	0.08
born before World War II (1945)	0.04	(-0.10, 0.17)	0.55	0.12	(0.06, 0.17)	< 0.01
Early-life socio-economic characteristics 1st job International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) (ref.: low skilled blue collar)
High skilled blue collar	0.03	(-0.01, 0.07)	0.18	-0.05	(-0.13, 0.03)	0.2
Low skilled white collar	-0.11	(-0.17, -0.05)	< 0.01	-0.17	(-0.26, -0.09)	< 0.01
High skilled white collar	-0.13	(-0.17, -0.08)	< 0.01	-0.16	(-0.22, -0.09)	< 0.01
Educational level (ref.: primary or less)
Secondary education	0.18	(0.09, 0.26)	< 0.01	0.22	(0.17, 0.28)	< 0.01
Post-secondary education	0.32	(0.26, 0.38)	< 0.01	0.31	(0.24, 0.38)	< 0.01
Childhood health
(Very-) bad self-rated health as child (ref.: fair or (very-) good	0.06	(-0.00, 0.12)	0.06	-0.04	(-0.12, 0.04)	0.33
1+ infectious disease during childhood	0.05	(-0.01, 0.11)	0.09	0.03	(-0.03, 0.10)	0.29
1+ physical injury during childhood	-0.12	(-0.19, -0.04)	0.01	0.01	(-0.01, 0.03)	0.15
Mental condition during childhood	-0.10	(-0.38, 0.18)	0.44	0.06	(-0.05, 0.16)	0.25
No. of books at home (ref.: none or very few (0-10)
Enough to fill one shelf (11-25)	0.10	(0.04, 0.17)	0.01	0.02	(-0.03, 0.08)	0.37
Enough to fill one bookcase (26-100)	0.09	(0.00, 0.19)	0.04	0.10	(0.04, 0.15)	< 0.01
Enough to fill two bookcases (101-200)	0.24	(0.12, 0.35)	< 0.01	0.11	(-0.02, 0.23)	0.08
Enough to fill two or more bookcases (more than 200)	0.24	(0.15, 0.32)	< 0.01	0.12	(0.00, 0.23)	0.05
Main occupation of the breadwinner during childhood (ref: low skilled blue collar)
High skilled blue collar	-0.02	(-0.10, 0.06)	0.52	0.00	(-0.05, 0.05)	0.99
Low skilled white collar	-0.04	(-0.14, 0.07)	0.45	-0.02	(-0.10, 0.07)	0.70
High skilled white collar	0.03	(-0.11, 0.17)	0.63	0.03	(-0.05, 0.12)	0.38
Childhood math-skills compared to peers (ref.: much better)
Better	-0.05	(-0.10, -0.01)	0.02	-0.01	(-0.10, 0.08)	0.84
About the same	-0.16	(-0.21, -0.11)	< 0.01	-0.14	(-0.24, -0.05)	0.01
Worse	-0.34	(-0.48, -0.21)	< 0.01	-0.25	(-0.40, -0.09)	0.01
Much worse	-0.24	(-0.38, -0.10)	< 0.01	-0.37	(-0.50, -0.24)	< 0.01
Childhood language-skills compared to peers (ref.: much better)
Better	-0.02	(-0.09, 0.05)	0.48	-0.05	(-0.11, -0.00)	0.04
About the same	-0.07	(-0.13, -0.00)	0.04	-0.10	(-0.16, -0.04)	< 0.01
Worse	-0.09	(-0.19, 0.00)	0.05	-0.16	(-0.23, -0.09)	< 0.01
Much worse	-0.32	(-0.44, -0.20)	< 0.01	-0.33	(-0.44, -0.21)	< 0.01

Abbreviations: Coeff., regression coefficient; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval of double-sided test; P, p-value; WWII, World War II; ISCO, International Standard Classification of Occupations; SRH – self-rated health.

^aNotes: N = 12,020. All models include dummies for country of residence (coefficients not shown).