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. 2014 Jun 2;7(1):13. doi: 10.1186/1939-4551-7-13

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Copyright © 2014 Ijaz et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Pathways activated by TGFβ to induce EMT. An idealilzed epithelial cell before and after EMT showing the canonical (smad) and non-canonical TGFβ intracellular signaling pathways. The TGFβ signaling is upstream of the master transcriptional regulators, snail (SNAI1/2), zebra (ZEB) and Twist (Twst) that induce transcriptional reprogramming and chromatin remodeling through histone modification. Stimulation of TGFβ pathways result in repression of ECad (CADH1) and upregulation of fibronectin (FIB), collagen 1 (Col1) and α-SMA in the epithelial cell. Known interconnections with the TNF-NFκB inflammatory response are diagrammed.