Table 1.

Overview of characteristic features in human MSA compared to the transgenic models.

	Human	PLP-α-Syn mouse	CNP-α-Syn mouse	MBP-α-Syn mouse
Glial pathology
GCI formation	✓	✓	✓	✓
Microgliosis	✓	✓	n.r.	n.r.
Astrogliosis	✓	✓	✓	✓
Neuronal pathology
SND	✓	Degeneration of SNpc and striatum	n.r.	Degeneration of dopaminergic nerve terminals in the striatum
OPCA	✓	OPCA-like pathology only after 3-NP challenge	n.r.	Neuropathological alterations in the cerebellum
Central autonomic degeneration	✓	✓	n.r.	n.r.
Motor impairment	✓	✓	✓	✓
Non-motor features
Urological disturbances	✓	✓	n.r.	n.r.
Cardiovascular disturbances	✓	✓	n.r.	n.r.
Anhidrosis	✓	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.
Respiratory disturbances	✓	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.
Olfactory disturbances	–	–	n.r.	✓
References	Benarroch, 2002, Jecmenica-Lukic et al., 2012, Stefanova et al., 2009a, Wenning and Stefanova, 2009, Wenning et al., 2013	Boudes et al., 2013, Kahle et al., 2002, Krismer et al., 2013, Kuzdas et al., 2013, Stefanova et al., 2005, 2008, 2009b, 2012, Stemberger et al. (2010, 2011a) (Flabeau et al., 2014)	Nakayama et al., 2009, Nakayama et al., 2012, Yazawa et al., 2005	Shults et al., 2005, Ubhi et al., 2008, Ubhi et al., 2009, Ubhi et al., 2010b, Ubhi et al., 2012

✓, present; –, not present; n.r., not reported.