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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014 Jan;9(1):27–33. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000018

Table 2. Studies examining effects of antiretroviral therapy on risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients with HIV infection.

All studies adjusted for smoking variables.

Author Setting On ART
(n)		 No ART
(n)		 Design Conclusions
George11 USA,
single
center (Los
Angeles,
CA)		 195 20 Cross-
sectional
study		 ART use associated with lower
FEV1/FVC ratio in linear regression
analysis (β coefficient -3.2; p=0.04).
Gingo12 USA,
single
center
(Pittsburgh,
PA)		 134 33 Cross-
sectional
study		 ART use with higher odds COPD
(OR 6.22; 95% CI: 1.19–32.43)
Crothers22 USA,
national
healthcare
system
database		 ~21,700 ~11,700 Prospective,
administrative
data analysis		 ART use with lower incident COPD
without smoking adjustment
(incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.90;
95% CI: 0.82-0.99). Smoking
adjustment resulted in wider CI
(IRR 0.93; 95% CI: 0.73-1.18)
Drummond25 USA,
single
center
(Baltimore,
MD)		 169 134 Cross-
sectional
study		 ART use not associated with COPD
(OR 0.60; 95%CI: 0.29 – 1.22).
However, viral load ≥200,000
copies/mL associated with COPD
(OR 3.41; 95%CI: 1.24-9.39)
Drummond10 USA,
single
center
(Baltimore,
MD)		 172 144 Prospective,
observational
cohort		 ART use not associated with
differences in FEV1 rate of decline.
However, viral load ≥75,000
copies/mL associated with faster
rate of FEV1 decline compared to
viral load <75,000 copies/mL (69
mL/year faster decline; 95%CI:
15.3-123.0 mL/year; p=0.012).
Madeddu14 Italy, single
center
(Sassari,
IT)		 87 24 Cross-
sectional
study		 ART not associated with COPD, but
CI very wide (OR 0.59; 95%CI:
0.06–5.93)

ART: antiretroviral therapy

CI: confidence interval

COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second

FVC : forced vital capacity

OR: odds ratio