Table 2.

Association between religiosity in childhood and religiosity in adulthood and recent substance use and misuse

	Frequent alcohol use (>= 3/week)	Current smoker	Used drugs in past 12 months	12 Mo. alcohol abuse/dependence	12 Mo. nicotine dependence	12 Mo. drug abuse/dependence
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Religiosity in adulthood
High (reference)	1	1	1	1	1	1
Moderate	1.42 (1.07–1.87)	1.82 (1.38–2.41)	1.45 (0.93–2.26)	1.24 (0.80–1.91)	1.30 (0.91–1.87)	0.71 (0.40–1.25)
Low	1.59 (1.08–2.35)	1.54 (1.16–2.03)	2.43 (1.77–3.32)	2.14 (1.17–3.91)	1.62 (1.00–2.62)	1.79 (0.79–4.06)
Very low	1.77 (1.19–2.63)	1.77 (1.37–2.29)	1.87 (1.07–3.26)	1.59 (0.76–3.34)	1.93 (1.09–3.42)	1.04 (0.37–2.90)
Religiosity in childhood
High (reference)	1	1	1	1	1	1
Moderate	0.85 (0.64–1.14)	0.85 (0.70–1.04)	0.99 (0.77–1.27)	0.84 (0.56–1.24)	0.82 (0.52–1.29)	0.63 (0.31–1.27)
Low	0.65 (0.50–0.85)	0.94 (0.74–1.18)	1.39 (1.04–1.87)	0.53 (0.28–0.97)	1.43 (0.88–2.33)	0.94 (0.37–2.39)
Very low	0.95 (0.68–1.34)	1.36 (0.93–1.97)	1.53 (1.09–2.14)	1.19 (0.66–2.17)	1.61 (0.88–2.96)	1.22 (0.52–2.90)

Values refer to odds ratio (95% Confidence intervals). All estimates are adjusted for age, sex, race/ancestry, marital status, education, living with both parents until age 18 and lifetime major depressive episode.