ST2 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of EtOH for 16 hrs and gene expression of (a) RANKL and NOX2, and (b) NOX4 and NOX1 were measured by real-time PCR, which was normalized to GAPDH mRNA. Fold expression is reported as mean ± SEM. In separate experiments, ST2 cells were treated with either (c) 100 mM EtOH +/- 100μM 4 methylpyrazole (4MP) or (f) 100mM EtOH +/- 2.5 μM plumbagin for 16 hours and gene expression of RankL, NOX2 and NOX4 were measured by real-time PCR, normalized to GAPDH mRNA. Data is expressed as the fold increase in RANKL expression relative to no EtOH controls plus the appropriate inhibitor. Data presented here are representative of two independent experiments performed in triplicate. Statistical significance was determined by One-way ANOVA followed by Student-Newman Keuls post hoc analysis. For RANKL expression, p<0.05 a<b<c; for Nox2 expression, p<0.05 e<f<g.