Table 3. Reasons for denied inpatient and outpatient services for the NCD patients across income quintiles.

	Quintile of Household living standard
	I (Poorest)	II	III	IV	V (Richest)
% of denied use of outpatient services (over two-week)*	22.7%	18.8%	12.4%	10.9%	9.9%
Reasons for not using outpatient services over two weeks (%)
Felt minor illness	30.1	34.9	49.5	43.4	47.2
Financial difficulties	54.5	39.6	28.9	30.2	30.6
Lack of time	2.8	1.9	4.1	3.6	3.7
Traffic inconvenience	0	0	0	0	0
Effective treatment not available	9.1	17.9	13.4	10.8	8.3
Other reasons	3.5	5.7	4.1	12	10.2
% of refused hospital admission*	47.8%	40.8%	40.7%	35.2%	28.1%
Reasons for not using inpatient services over one year (%)
Felt not necessary	4.9	7.5	8.4	17.3	15.7
Effective treatment not available	3.8	5.3	3	4	6.1
Financial difficulties	87.4	74.3	72.9	68.6	59.8
Poor hospital services	0	0	0	0	0.3
Lack of time	2.7	2.2	10.8	4	4.1
No beds available	0	0.5	0	0.7	3.2
Other reasons	1.2	10.2	4.9	5.4	10.8
Inpatient reimbursement rates for NCD patients enrolled in insurance schemes (%)
Patients Enrolled in NCMS	39.7	27.6	31.9	26.7	25.8
Patients Enrolled in MIUE	43.9	44.1	58.7	58.7	52.2
Patients enrolled in MIUR	46.7	30.5	30.9	35.4	33.9
OOP medical expenditure as a percentage of non-food household expenses (%)
Patients Enrolled in NCMS	40.3	35.4	28.6	21.4	29.9
Patients Enrolled in MIUE	60.0	54.3	40.7	35.9	22.9
Patients enrolled in MIUR	42.6	58.6	30.9	37.4	31.8

*p<0.01, compared across the five income quintile groups.