Figure 8. Schematic representations illustrating how urate may activate Nrf2 and thus protects against oxidative stresses.

Urate may be accumulated into cells via undefined transporters. It led to Nrf2 accumulation by inhibiting its ubiquitination and degradation and promoted Nrf2 translocate into nuclei, where Nrf2 may transactivate the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes such as GCL, HO-1, and thus protected against oxidative stresses in dopaminergic cells.