Table 1.
Weighted descriptive statistics for complete case analysis sample by child overweight status at 4–5 years old, Children and Young Adults of the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort, United States, 1979–2010. Mean (SD) reported unless indicated otherwise.
| Characteristic | BMI <85th percentile | BMI ≥85th percentile | Analytic sample (N = 4359) | Excluded (n varies) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full analytic sample, % | 77.1% | 22.9% | 100% | 0% |
| Maternal demographics | ||||
| Race–ethnicity, % | (n = 3151) | |||
| Black | 12.4% | 16.3% | 13.3% | 16.0% |
| Hispanic | 6.4% | 6.8% | 6.5% | 8.5% |
| Non-Black non-Hispanic | 81.2% | 76.9% | 80.2% | 75.6% |
| Education at child’s birth, % | (n = 2918) | |||
| Less than high school | 12.3% | 15.3% | 13.0% | 15.4% |
| High school to some college | 68.8% | 66.7% | 68.3% | 59.2% |
| College graduate and higher | 19.0% | 18.0% | 18.8% | 25.4% |
| Employment at child’s birth, % | (n = 2988) | |||
| Employed | 27.9% | 30.0% | 28.4% | 41.8% |
| Unemployed | 32.3% | 28.3% | 31.4% | 24.4% |
| Out of labor force | 39.8% | 41.7% | 40.3% | 33.8% |
| Marital status at child’s birth, % | (n = 2929) | |||
| Married | 79.5% | 74.9% | 78.4% | 74.7% |
| Single | 20.5% | 25.1% | 21.6% | 25.3% |
| Equivalized household income at child’s birth (in thousands of 2000 U.S. dollars) | 9.9 (1.1) | 9.8 (1.1) | 9.8 (1.1) | (n = 2302) 10.0 (1.2) |
| Pregnancy characteristics | ||||
| Smoking during pregnancy, % | (n = 2441) | |||
| Never smoked | 73.4% | 69.7% | 72.5% | 73.5% |
| Smoked | 26.6% | 30.3% | 27.5% | 26.5% |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (4.4) | 24.4 (5.4) | 23.3 (4.7) | (n = 2237) 23.7 (5.3) |
| Prepregnancy BMI category | (n = 2237) | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 8.5% | 5.1% | 7.7% | 8.2% |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 68.4% | 60.7% | 66.6% | 63.5% |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 15.5% | 21.2% | 16.8% | 16.9% |
| Obese (>30) | 7.6% | 13.0% | 8.9% | 11.4% |
| Maternal age at child’s birth (y) | 26.3 (4.6) | 26.9 (5.1) | 26.4 (4.7) | (n = 2237) 27.4 (5.6) |
| Maternal height (m) | 1.6 (0.1) | 1.6 (0.1) | 1.6 (0.1) | (n = 2237) 1.6 (0.1) |
| Length of gestation (wks) | 38.7 (1.9) | 38.7 (1.9) | 38.7 (1.9) | (n = 2237) 38.6 (2.0) |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 14.3 (6.0) | 14.7 (6.4) | 14.4 (6.0) | (n = 2300) 14.5 (6.4) |
| Adequacy of GWG (2009 IOM), % | (n = 2300) | |||
| Inadequate | 21.8% | 18.2% | 20.8% | 28.2% |
| Adequate | 34.6% | 30.4% | 33.7% | 27.8% |
| Excessive | 43.6% | 51.4% | 45.5% | 44.0% |
| Post-delivery weight change (kg) | −12.3 (6.5) | −12.0 (7.5) | −12.3 (6.7) | −11.1 (7.5) |
| Postpartum weight difference (kg) | 1.91 (5.3) | 2.7 (6.0) | 2.1 (5.4) | 1.7 (6.4) |
| Survey characteristics | (n = 2238) | |||
| Maternal birth year | 1961.2 (2.2) | 1961.5 (2.3) | 1961.2 (2.3) | 1961.8 (2.3) |
| Child’s birth order | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.2) |
| Child’s age at postpartum weight (mo.) | 13.3 (7.6) | 13.8 (7.9) | 13.4 (7.6) | 13.5 (7.4) |
| Year child was 4–5 years old | 1992.4 (4.6) | 1993.3 (5.3) | 1992.6 (4.8) | 1995.5 (6.5) |
| Child demographics | ||||
| Gender | (n = 3151) | |||
| Male | 51.9% | 49.7% | 51.4% | 50.8% |
| Female | 48.1% | 50.3% | 48.6% | 49.2% |
| Birthweight | (n = 2342) | |||
| Low (500–2499 g) | 6.0% | 4.7% | 5.7% | 6.5% |
| Normal (2500–3999 g) | 82.0% | 79.8% | 81.5% | 83.1% |
| High (>4000 g) | 12.0% | 15.5% | 12.8% | 10.5% |
Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding.