(A) Bar graph showing a dose dependent increase in the mean number of bladder reflex contractions induced by saline (vehicle), 0.5 mg PHE/Kg of body weight (PHE0.5), 2.5 mg PHE/Kg of body weight (PHE2.5), 2.5 mg PHE/Kg of body weight following capsaicin pre-treatment (CAP+PHE2.5). (B) Bar graph shows that PHE dose-dependently increased the mean number of Fos immunoreactive cells/section at L6 spinal cord segment after 2h of cystometry. Pre-treatment with capsaicin abolished PHE-induced Fos immunoreactivity (P>0.05, comparing vehicle with CAP 75 mg/kg + PHE 2.5 mg/kg, *** P < 0.001 comparing 0.5 mg of PHE /kg body weight or 2.5 mg of PHE /kg body weight with vehicle, Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s test).