Table 1.
Characteristics by quartiles of KIM-1 and IL-18
| All | KIM-1:Cr | IL-18:Cr | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1: <497 pg/mL |
Q2: 497–814 pg/mL |
Q3: 815–1,239 pg/mL |
Q4: ≥1240 pg/mL |
p for trend | Q1: <19 pg/mL |
Q2: 19–31 pg/mL |
Q3: 32–55 pg/mL |
Q4: ≥56 pg/mL |
p for trend |
||
| No. of participants | 2917 | 729 | 734 | 729 | 725 | 728 | 727 | 728 | 734 | ||
| Age (y) | 74 (3) | 73 (3) | 73 (3) | 74 (3) | 74 (3) | <0.001 | 74 (3) | 74 (3) | 74 (3) | 74 (3) | 0.6 |
| Male sex | 48% | 55% | 47% | 44% | 47% | 0.001 | 69% | 59% | 41% | 24% | <0.001 |
| Black race | 41% | 62% | 53% | 31% | 20% | <0.001 | 47% | 40% | 39% | 38% | 0.001 |
| Site | 0.006 | 0.005 | |||||||||
| Memphis | 50% | 49% | 47% | 52% | 55% | 48% | 48% | 50% | 55% | ||
| Pittsburgh | 50% | 51% | 54% | 48% | 45% | 52% | 52% | 50% | 45% | ||
| Education | <0.001 | 0.9 | |||||||||
| < HS | 25% | 34% | 28% | 21% | 21% | 28% | 26% | 23% | 24% | ||
| HS Graduate | 33% | 28% | 33% | 34% | 34% | 29% | 30% | 36% | 36% | ||
| Postsecondary | 42% | 38% | 40% | 45% | 45% | 43% | 44% | 41% | 40% | ||
| Diabetes | 24% | 21% | 24% | 20% | 29% | 0.009 | 24% | 23% | 23% | 24% | 0.9 |
| Hypertension | 66% | 68% | 63% | 63% | 68% | 0.8 | 67% | 64% | 66% | 66% | 0.8 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 136 (21) | 136 (21) | 135 (21) | 136 (20) | 136 (22) | 0.8 | 135 (21) | 135 (21) | 137 (20) | 136 (22) | 0.2 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 71 (12) | 72 (12) | 72 (12) | 71 (11) | 71 (12) | <0.001 | 72 (11) | 72 (12) | 72 (12) | 70 (12) | 0.007 |
| Smoking | 0.3 | 0.6 | |||||||||
| Never | 44% | 46% | 45% | 46% | 39% | 39% | 38% | 48% | 52% | ||
| Former | 45% | 46% | 46% | 44% | 48% | 50% | 52% | 42% | 38% | ||
| Current | 11% | 10% | 9% | 10% | 13% | 11% | 10% | 10% | 11% | ||
| Alcohol | 0.7 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Never | 28% | 29% | 29% | 30% | 25% | 24% | 24% | 31% | 33% | ||
| Former | 50% | 47% | 50% | 49% | 54% | 53% | 52% | 47% | 48% | ||
| Current | 22% | 24% | 21% | 21% | 21% | 22% | 24% | 22% | 19% | ||
| Prevalent CHD | 20% | 18% | 20% | 19% | 24% | 0.02 | 23% | 22% | 18% | 18% | 0.003 |
| Prevalent CBVD | 8% | 9% | 7% | 8% | 7% | 0.6 | 9% | 8% | 7% | 7% | 0.2 |
| Prevalent PAD | 5% | 4% | 5% | 4% | 6% | 0.2 | 5% | 6% | 4% | 4% | 0.05 |
| COPD | 20% | 19% | 18% | 18% | 25% | 0.02 | 20% | 19% | 23% | 19% | 0.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 (4.8) | 27.8 (4.8) | 27.5 (4.7) | 27.3 (4.9) | 26.9 (4.7) | <0.001 | 27.5 (4.6) | 27.3 (4.3) | 27.3 (4.8) | 27.3 (5.3) | 0.3 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.66 [0.99–3.10] | 1.63 [0.97–2.95] | 1.67 [0.99–3.10] | 1.59 [0.98–2.87] | 1.78 [1.01–3.48] | 0.2 | 1.50 [0.91–2.81] | 1.57 [0.97–2.82] | 1.79 [1.03–3.43] | 1.85 [1.09–3.34] | 0.002 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.98 (0.31) | 4.02 (0.32) | 3.97 (0.30) | 3.96 (0.30) | 3.96 (0.32) | <0.001 | 3.98 (0.32) | 3.99 (0.32) | 3.99 (0.30) | 3.96 (0.32) | 0.3 |
| Cholesterol | |||||||||||
| Total (mg/dL) | 203 (38) | 203 (37) | 205 (38) | 204 (38) | 201 (40) | 0.4 | 200 (38) | 202 (38) | 203 (38) | 207 (40) | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 122 (35) | 123 (33) | 123 (35) | 122 (34) | 119 (37) | 0.04 | 122 (34) | 123 (33) | 120 (35) | 122 (37) | 0.3 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 54 (17) | 55 (17) | 56 (18) | 54 (17) | 53 (17) | 0.04 | 52 (16) | 52 (16) | 55 (17) | 58 (18) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 118 [88–163] | 113 [84–154] | 113 [85–151] | 124 [92–169] | 123 [92–175] | <0.001 | 113 [84–154] | 117 [89–161] | 120 [90–166] | 123 [90–168] | 0.03 |
| eGFRcys | 79 (21) | 80 (19) | 81 (20) | 80 (21) | 76 (22) | <0.001 | 77 (19) | 78 (21) | 79 (20) | 83 (23) | <0.001 |
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, values for categorical variables are given as percentages; values for continuous variables are given as mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range]. Conversion factors for units: HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.02586; triglycerides in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.01129.
BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; CRP, C-reactive protein; HS, high school; BP, blood pressure; CBVS, cerebrovascular disease; PAD, peripheral artery disease; eGFRcys, cystatin C–based estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; IL-18, interleukin 18; Q, quartile