Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (N = 132)
| Variables |
Intervention group |
Control group |
p-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 66) (%) | (n = 66) (%) | ||
|
Gender |
|
|
|
| Male |
23 (34.8) |
24 (36.4) |
0.856 |
| Female |
43 (65.2) |
42 (63.6) |
|
|
Age |
|
|
|
| 60–69 years |
56 (84.8) |
55 (83.3) |
0.357 |
| 70–79 years |
10 (15.2) |
9 (13.6) |
|
| ≥80 years |
0 (0.0) |
2 (3.1) |
|
|
Educational level |
|
|
|
| Illiteracy |
2 (3.0) |
3 (4.5) |
0.790 |
| Primary school |
53 (80.3) |
48 (72.8) |
|
| Secondary school |
8 (12.2) |
9 (13.7) |
|
| Vocational school |
2 (3.0) |
3 (4.5) |
|
| Bachelor degree |
1 (1.5) |
3 (4.5) |
|
|
BMI (kg/m
2
) |
|
|
|
| Mean (S.D.) |
25.30 (3.57) |
26.63 (4.37) |
0.057 |
| Min-max |
17.95–34.60 |
18.93–36.50 |
|
|
Health insurance |
|
|
|
| Universal coverage |
55 (83.4) |
59 (89.4) |
0.643 |
| Universal coverage (other) |
3 (4.5) |
2 (3.0) |
|
| Government/state enterprise officer |
7 (10.6) |
5 (7.6) |
|
| No |
1 (1.5) |
0 (0.0) |
|
|
Duration of being diabetes (years) |
|
|
|
| Mean (S.D.) |
6.86 (5.16) |
8.42 (6.19) |
0.118 |
| Min-max |
1–20 |
1–25 |
|
|
Smoking |
|
|
|
| Never |
57 (86.4) |
58 (87.8) |
0.474 |
| Ever |
7 (10.6) |
4 (6.1) |
|
| Current smoker | 2 (3.0) | 4 (6.1) |
p by chi-square test or t-test.
*Statistical significances of difference: p < 0.05.