. 2014 Apr 9;31(7):1894–1901. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu129

Table 1.

Parsimony Approaches Scoring Motifs as Present/Absent Undercount Losses.

Data Set	Species Surveyed	Gains	Losses
Meunier et al. (2013)^a	Human, macaque, mouse, oppossum, platypus, chicken	719	140
Nozawa et al. (2010)^a	(Drosophila) melanogaster, simulans, sechellia, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, pseudoobscura, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis, grimshawi	101	48
Nozawa et al. (2012)^a	Arabidopsis, papaya, poplar, Medicago, soybean, grape, rice, Sorghum, maize, moss, green algae	743	77
Xiao et al. (2013)^a	Oryza Sativa, Phoenix Dactylifera, Populus Trichocarpa, Malus domestica, Glycine max, Solanum lycopersicum, Citrus sinensis, Arabidopsis thaliana	167	4
Current study, experimental primate parsimony^b	Human, chimp, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon	8,337,944	6,087,687
Current study, simulated neutral primate parsimony^c	Human, chimp, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon	11,829	8,806

^aEarlier studies examining the turnover rates of miRNA genes find many more gain events than losses.

^bWhen using these methods, more gains than losses are inferred for the turnover rates of miRNA binding sites in the 3′-UTRs of primates.

^cSimulated neutral data sets (which have been simulated to have identical gain and loss rates in reality) also infer more gains than losses.