Figure 2.

The ascending arousal system involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness. (A) The figure is a schematic description of the ventral (red) and dorsal (blue) pathways of the ascending arousal system. BF = basal forebrain, Thal = thalamus, PAG = periaqueductal gray, Raphe = Raphe nuclei, LC = locus coeruleus, TEG = tegmentum, RF = reticular formation. (B). The figure shows brain activation in one male narcolepsy patient during emotional flanker task (57) in emotional and sleep regulating networks. OFC = orbitofrontal cortex, vAIC = ventral anterior insular cortex, mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex, PCC = posterior cingulate cortex, PC = precuneus, Hyp = hypothalamus, Thal = thalamus, dTEG = dorsal tegmentum.