Table 1. Molecular alterations in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma⁴.

Loss of heterozygosity	1p, 3p, 4, 5q, 9, 11q, 13q, 17q, 18q
Loss of tumor suppressor gene function	p53 mutation
Methylation and/or loss of p16MST1 and or p15	Reduced Rb expression
Gene amplification	cyclin D1
	HST-1
	EGFR
	INT-2
Increased expression	iNOS
	hTERT
	BMP-6
	COX-2
	c-myc
	β-catenin