| Breast cancer |
Cell line: MDA-MB-231 |
2.5-20 μM |
Inhibits cancer cell proliferation and migration by downregulating VEGF-induced angiogenesis, VEGF-2 tyrosine kinase activity and its downstream MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways |
15 |
| Animal: Female ACI rats |
400 ppm |
Downregulates 17β estradiol by reducing 17β-hydroxysteroid dehyrdogenase and reduces mammary tumor incidence |
16 |
| Osteogenic sarcoma |
Cell line: ATCC CRL1343 |
4-100 µg/mL (IC50 =6.5 µg/mL) |
Induces apoptosis by upregulating Bax and activating caspase-3 |
17 |
| Pancreatic cancer |
Cell line: MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1 |
10-50 mM |
Stimulates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis associated with mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome C release, and downstream caspase activation |
18 |
| Ovarian carcinoma |
Cell line: ES-2 and PA-1 |
10-100 μM |
Elevates p53 and Cip1/p21, decreases cyclin D1 and E levels, and induces caspase-3-mediated apoptosis by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio |
21 |
| Nasopharyng- eal carcinoma |
Cell line: NPC-BM1 |
50-200 μM |
Reduces cancer cell viability by increasing caspase-3 activity, downregulating Bcl-2, and decreasing telomerase activity |
22 |
| Lymphoma |
Animal: Dalton’s Lymphoma bearing mice |
40-80 mg/kg body weight |
Prevents cancer progression and increases life span of DL mice by downregulating the PKC signaling pathway and induces cancer cell death by blocking energy metabolism |
23,24
|
| Prostate cancer |
Cell line: PLS10(rat) |
80-200 μM (IC50 =100 µM) |
Inhibits invasive potential through action on the activity of proteases, such as collagenase/gelatinase and collagenase IV |
37 |
