Table 4.
Resource use and EQ5D estimates at baseline and follow-up by treatment arm
|
Variable/time point |
Baseline: 12 months |
Follow-up 1: 0 to 6 months |
Follow-up 2: 6 to 12 months |
Follow-up 3: 12 to 18 months |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual follow-up | Group follow-up | Individual follow-up | Group follow-up | Individual follow-up | Group follow-up | Individual follow-up | Group follow-up | |
|
Resource item |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| GP visits: diabetes |
0.50 (1.35) |
0.37 (0.93) |
0.25 (0.75) |
0.17 (0.61) |
0.28 (0.72) |
0.15 (0.46) |
0.25 (0.84) |
0.28 (0.91) |
| GP visits: other |
1.35 (1.95) |
1.16 (1.72) |
1.45 (2.44) |
1.12 (1.43) |
1.25 (1.61) |
1.11 (1.37) |
1.19 (2.06) |
1.15 (1.42) |
| Diabetes nurse visits |
1.09 (1.03) |
0.90 (1.05) |
0.72 (1.21) |
0.58 (0.76) |
0.57 (1.10) |
0.43 (0.74) |
0.45 (0.70) |
0.46 (0.81) |
| Diabetes nurse calls |
0.78 (1.78) |
0.61 (1.78) |
0.75 (1.42) |
0.56 (1.06) |
0.51 (1.26) |
0.49 (1.06) |
0.55 (1.22) |
0.44 (1.36) |
| Dietitian visits |
0.39 (0.59) |
0.34 (0.74) |
0.30 (0.60) |
0.28 (0.53) |
0.29 (0.67) |
0.20 (0.44) |
0.16 (0.38) |
0.10(0.35) |
| Dietitian calls |
0.05 (0.21) |
0.04 (0.21) |
0.28 (1.09) |
0.10 (0.37) |
0.12 (0.46) |
0.10 (0.49) |
0.05 (0.25) |
0.06 (0.55) |
| Outpatient visits: diabetes |
0.84 (0.76) |
0.82 (0.65) |
0.50 (0.59) |
0.36 (0.58) |
0.50 (0.60) |
0.30 (0.53) |
0.49 (0.61) |
0.41 (0.62) |
| Outpatient visits: other |
0.29 (0.72) |
0.39 (1.55) |
0.45 (1.67) |
0.33 (0.88) |
0.49 (1.29) |
0.32 (0.80) |
0.43 (0.94) |
0.49 (1.17) |
| Inpatient days: diabetes |
0.27 (1.44) |
0.17 (0.86) |
0.16 (0.95) |
0.02 (0.19) |
0.04 (0.30) |
0.03 (0.16) |
0.06 (0.44) |
0.11 (0.64) |
| Inpatient days: other |
0.24 (1.03) |
0.39 (2.30) |
0.29 (1.48) |
0.10 (0.42) |
0.46 (2.16) |
0.22 (1.03) |
0.19 (1.06) |
0.15 (0.71) |
| A&E visits: diabetes |
0.08 (0.36) |
0.06 (0.26) |
0.04 (0.18) |
0.02 (0.19) |
0.01 (0.08) |
0.04 (0.20) |
0.03 (0.16) |
0.03 (0.16) |
| A&E visits: other |
0.07 (0.27) |
0.10 (0.36) |
0.07 (0.28) |
0.14 (0.48) |
0.09 (0.33) |
0.11 (0.42) |
0.06 (0.24) |
0.10 (0.35) |
| Chiropodist visits |
0.27 (0.56) |
0.25 (0.61) |
0.32 (0.62) |
0.20 (0.42) |
0.31 (0.62) |
0.23 (0.56) |
0.32 (0.69) |
0.23 (0.57) |
| Diabetes centre visits |
1.35 (1.10) |
1.25 (1.15) |
1.02 (1.33) |
0.80 (0.02) |
0.92 (1.20) |
0.70 (0.90) |
0.79 (1.07) |
0.72 (0.92) |
| Quick-acting insulin (IUs) |
30.53 (15.15) |
27.88 (14.56) |
25.39 (13.73) |
24.09 (13.57) |
26.84 (12.82) |
24.09 (15.12) |
25.82 (13.14) |
25.78 (13.69) |
| Background insulin (IUs) |
25.68 (11.61) |
24.35 (14.17) |
21.11 (8.94) |
19.02 (9.77) |
21.44 (9.76) |
19.22 (9.46) |
21.80 (10.58) |
20.39 (11.53) |
| Blood glucose tests |
3.79 (2.38) |
3.72 (1.99) |
4.46 (1.91) |
4.07 (1.43) |
4.53 (1.96) |
4.37 (1.93) |
4.60 (2.04) |
4.22 (2.04) |
| Lipid lowering therapy |
67 (30%) |
69 (32%) |
46 (32%) |
53 (36%) |
49 (34%) |
55 (34%) |
48 (33%) |
50 (37%) |
| Antiplatelet therapy |
53 (24%) |
70 (32%) |
43 (30%) |
51 (35%) |
43 (30%) |
54 (33%) |
40 (27%) |
45 (33%) |
| Antihypertensive therapy |
57 (26%) |
76 (35%) |
28 (20%) |
51 (35%) |
32 (22%) |
51 (35%) |
30 (21%) |
49 (36%) |
|
Health outcome |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EQ5D score | 0.88 (0.20) | 0.87 (0.18) | 0.91 (0.15) | 0.88 (0.16) | 0.92 (0.14) | 0.86 (0.20) | 0.90 (0.16) | 0.88 (0.17) |
Values are shown as mean (SD) or n (%) as appropriate. A&E, accident and emergency; EQ5D, EuroQol five dimensions; GP, general practitioner; IU, insulin unit.