Table 3.
Hearing Research Including a TRT Test.
| Study | TRT version & test material | Speech recognition tests | Other tests and measures | Association TRT—speech recognition | Findings related to TRT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Besser et al. (2012) N = 55; 18-78 (44.0) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL, TRT500, TRTCENTER, TRTWORD, TRTMEMORY | SRTSTEADY, SRTFLUCT | Rspan; LDST (general processing speed); self-report of how pleasant/taxing the TRT versions were | TRT – SRTFLUCT (r = .46** – .59**); TRT – SRTSTEADY (r = .23 – .49**); strength depending on TRT version, most sign. when controlling for age | Other tests and measures ranging from 56.0 (TRTORIGINAL) to 64.3 (TRTMEMORY); TRT predictor of SRTFLUCT; TRT associated with Rspan, mostly also when controlling for age |
| Besser et al. (currrent article )N = 42; 19-35 (24.4) years; NH | TRT500 | SRTFLUCT | Rspan; Lspan | ns, no details reported | TRT M = 58.2; TRT and Lspan associated (Session 2) |
| George et al. (2007) N = 13; 53-78 (63.5) years; NH N = 21; 46-81 (65.5) years; HI | TRTORIGINAL | SRTSTEADY, SRTFLUCT (16-Hz block-modulated); unaided testing with amplification; sentences: Plomp and Mimpen (1979) | auditory spectral and temporal resolution | NH: TRT – SRTSTEADY (r = .61*), TRT – SRTFLUCT (r = .80**); HI: TRT – SRTSTEADY (r = .34), TRT – SRTFLUCT (r = .42) | TRT M = 58.2 (NH), M = 58.8 (HI); TRT best predictor of SRTs in NH; in HI, TRT predictor of SRTFLUCT when accounting for temporal resolution |
| Goverts, Huysmans, Kramer, de Groot, and Houtgast (2011)a N = 13; 20-25 (22.0) years; NH, native N = 10; 19-45 (29.0) years; NH, nonnative | TRTORIGINAL sentences with/without lexical, semantic, and syntactic distortions | SRTSTEADY | not reported | undistorted TRT Median = 56.2 (native), Median = 65.2 (nonnative); both groups sensitive to TRT distortions in all linguistic domains | |
| Koelewijn et al. (2012) N = 32; 40-70 (51.3) years; NH | TRT500 | SRTFLUCT, SRTTALK; 50% and 84% correct level | Rspan; Lspan; SICspan; pupillometry during SRTs; ratings of effort, motivation, performance for SRTs | TRT – SRTTALK 50% correct (r = .67**), 84% correct (r = .54**); TRT – SRTFLUCT 50% correct (r = .19), 84% correct (r = .25) | TRT M = 59.8; TRT associated with peak pupil dilation during SRTTALK (50% correct); TRT associated with Rspan, Lspan, SICspan |
| Krull, Humes, and Kidd. (2013) N = 25; 18-32 (24.0) years; NH N = 20; 65-84 (73.0) years; NH N = 21; 60-85 (75.0) years; HI | TRTORIGINAL stimuli: 4-5-letter words from the R-SPIN test; Bilger, Nuetzel, Rabinowitz, and Rzeczkowski (1984) | steady-state noise (SSN) at +6 dB SNR; removal of temporal segments (INT); removal of spectral segments (FILT); unaided testing with amplification for HI; all with monosyllabic words from R-SPIN test | text recognition in visual Gaussian noise; cognitive tests for WM capacity (elderly only): memory updating (MU), sentence span, spatial short-term memory | TRT – SSN old (r = .08), young (r = .40*); TRT – INT old (r = .11), young (r = .55**); TRT – FILT old (r = .21), young (r = .49*) | TRT associated with all auditory measures in young NH group, but with none in older groups; TRT associated with text recognition in Gaussian noise |
| Mishra, Lunner, Stenfelt, Rönnberg, and Rudner (2013)b N = 21; 22-54 (29.5) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL stimuli: Swedish HINT sentences (Hällgren et al., 2006) | CSCT (cognitive spare capacity test, for executive functions); Rspan; letter memory test; Simon task | no SRT assessed | TRT M = 58.4; TRT associated with updating, audiovisual, and overall score of CSCT; TRT associated with semantic judgments in Rspan | |
| Zekveld et al. (2007) N = 34; 19-78 (34.0) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL | SRTSTEADY, SRTFLUCT (16-Hz block-modulated) | TRT – SRTSTEADY (r = .58**); TRT – SRTFLUCT (r = .58**); also when controlling for age | TRT M = 55.4 | |
| Zekveld, Kramer, Vlaming, and Houtgast (2008)c N = 18; 19-31 (23) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL and text in random dots with (TRT+S) and without (TRT) auditory sentence presentation at 3 SNRs; sentences: Plomp and Mimpen (1979) | SRTSTEADY with (SRT+T) and without (SRT) display of masked target sentence at 3 masking levels | Audiovisual reception threshold test (AVRT): simultaneous presentation of text and speech, adaptive masking in both modalities | not reported | TRT M = 53.6; simultaneous presentation of masked text enhanced speech perception and vice versa |
| Zekveld, Kramer, Kessens, Vlaming, and Houtgast (2009) N = 22; 18-28 (21) years; YNH N = 22; 45-65 (55) years; MA-NH N = 30; 46-69 (57) years; MA-HI | TRTORIGINAL sentences: Plomp and Mimpen (1979) | SRTQUIET, SRTSTEADY with and without textual support; aided testing for MA-HI | rating of effort during SRT tests; spatial WM span (SSP) | not reported | TRT M = 56.6 (YNH), M = 57.5 (MA-NH), M = 59.5 (MA-HI); TRT not associated with rated effort or SRT benefit from textual support |
| Zekveld, Kramer, and Festen (2011) N = 38; 46-73 (55.0) years; NH N = 36; 45-72 (61.0) years; HI Data from Zekveld, Kramer, and Festen (2010) added for analyses: N = 38; 19-31 (23.0) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL,TRT500; sentences: Plomp and Mimpen (1979) | SRTSTEADY; 50%, 71%, 84% correct level; unaided testing | pupillometry during SRTs; LDST (general processing speed); vocabulary size; self-rated listening effort and SRT performance | NH: SRTSTEADY –TRTORIGINAL (r = .38**), TRT500 (r = .35*); HI: SRTSTEADY – TRTORIGINAL (r = –.07), TRT500 (r = –.06); for NH also sign. when controlling for age | TRTORIGINAL M = 57.1 (NH), M = 58.2 (HI); TRT500 M = 58.4 (NH), M = 60.6 (HI); better TRT associated with higher cognitive load during SRT; in NH, lower TRT associated with higher age |
| Zekveld, Rudner, et al. (2011), Experiment 2 N = 20; 18-32 (22.0) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL | SRTSTEADY with semantically related, unrelated, or nonword text cues; 29% and 16% correct level | Rspan | TRT – SRTSTEADY at 29% correct with unrelated cues (r = .60**); details for others not reported | TRT M = 54.9 |
| Zekveld et al. (2012) N = 18; 20-29 (23.6) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL | SRTSTEADY (29% correct level); SRTSTEADY nonadaptive with semantically related, unrelated, or nonword text cues, at estimated 29% correct level | Rspan, fMRI during SRTs | TRT not associated (p > .05) with % correct words in SRTSTEADY | TRT M = 54.9; TRT associated with less interference from unrelated cues; TRT associated with brain activation in left angular gyrus |
| Zekveld, Festen, et al. (2013) N = 24; 18-27 (22.0) years; NH | TRTCENTER with adapted colors; 29%, 71% correct level, for analyses average of 29% and 71% used | SRTTALK 29% and 71% correct level | pupillometry during SRT and TRT; Rspan; Lspan; incidental cued recall test of TRT and SRT stimuli | ns, no details reported | TRT at 29% M = 63.2, at 71% M = 80.8; pupil peak and mean dilation during TRT smaller at 71% than at 29% correct |
| Zekveld, George, Houtgast, and Kramer (in press) N = 32; 46-83 (66.4) years; HI | TRTORIGINAL | SRTSTEADY; SRTFLUCT (16-Hz block-modulated noise); unaided testing with amplification; sentences: Plomp and Mimpen (1979) | Amsterdam Inventory for Auditory Disability and Handicap (AIADH); sustained visual attention; Spatial working memory | TRT – SRT, z score transformed over noise types (r = .47**) | TRT M = 60.3; TRT associated with AIADH measures of sound detection, sound discrimination, and speech intelligibility |
| Zekveld, Rudner, et al. (2013) N = 18; 20-32 (23.0) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL | SRTSTEADY, SRTFLUCT, SRTTALK with semantically related or nonword cues; 29% and 71% correct level | Rspan; SICspan; 2-alternative-forced-choice recognition of presented SRT sentences | not reported | TRT not associated with SRT benefit from related cues |
| Zekveld and Kramer (2013), Experiment 1 N = 24; 18-26 (22.0) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL | SRTTALK, nonadaptive (1%, 50%, 99% correct level), and speech in quiet (no threshold); sentences: Versfeld et al. (2000) | Lspan; pupillometry during SRT; cued recall test of TRT and SRT stimuli; self-rated listening effort and SRT performance | not reported | TRT M = 57.8; TRT associated with peak pupil dilation amplitude in 1% correct nonadaptive SRT; TRT associated with Lspan |
| Zekveld and Kramer (2013), Experiment 2 N = 13; (23.0) years; NH | TRTORIGINAL | SRTTALK nonadaptive at 9 SNRs; adaptive SRTTALK at 29% and 71% correct level | incidental cued recall test of previously presented SRT stimuli | not reported | TRT M = 54.7; no other TRT results reported |
Note. If not otherwise specified, the following test properties applied: SRTs and TRTs were assessed for complete sentences at a performance level of 50% correct responses. TRTs assessed with sentences by Versfeld et al. (2000). SRTSTEADY = SRT in a steady-state masker; SRTFLUCT = SRT in a fluctuating masker; SRTTALK = SRT with one or several interfering talkers; SRTQUIET = speech reception without a masker; M = mean score; ns = nonsignificant. Associations marked * significant at the .05 level and marked ** significant at the .01 level.
a
Main purpose of the study was to examine the effects of language proficiency on TRT performance, rather than associations of TRT and SRT. bThe study was set up to evaluate the cognitive spare capacity test, rather than examining associations with speech recognition in noise. cMain purpose of the study was to examine the benefit in speech comprehension received from simultaneously displayed textual information.