Table 5.
Summary of major clinical studies evaluating the role of vitamin D status and vitamin D supplementation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
| Source | Study design | Condition | Population (cases) | Main outcome(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ananthakrishnan et al100 | Prospective cohort study | 25(OH)D3 levels <20 ng/mL | 72,719 women | Higher predicted plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 significantly reduced the risk for incident Crohn’s disease (CD) and insignificantly reduced the risk for ulcerative colitis (UC) in women |
| Pappa et al103 | Cross-sectional study | 25(OH)D3 levels <15 ng/mL | 130 IBD patients (UC =36, CD =94) | Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among pediatric patients with IBD |
| Jahnsen et al105 | Cross-sectional study | 25(OH)D3 levels <30 nmol/L | 120 IBD patients (UC =60, CD =60) | Hypovitaminosis D was common in IBD patients |
| Sentongo et al104 | Cross-sectional study | 25(OH)D3 levels <38 nmol/L | 112 CD patients | Hypovitaminosis D was common in CD patients |
| Ulitsky et al102 | Retrospective cohort study | 25(OH)D3 levels <20 ng/mL or <10 ng/mL (deficiency or severe deficiency) | 504 IBD patients (UC =101, CD =403) | Vitamin D deficiency was common in IBD, and was independently associated with lower health-related quality of life and greater disease activity in CD |
| Levin et al101 | Retrospective cohort study | 25(OH)D3 levels <50 nmol/L or <30 nmol/L (deficiency or severe deficiency) | 78 children with IBD | A high proportion of children with IBD were vitamin D-deficient; treating vitamin D deficiency is important for the management of pediatric IBD |
| Jørgensen et al106 | Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial | Oral vitamin D with 1,200 IU daily for 12 months | 108 patients with CD | Oral supplementation with 1,200 IU vitamin D3 significantly reduced the risk of relapse from 29% to 13% |
| Yang et al107 | Randomized, controlled clinical trial | Oral vitamin D with 5,000 IU daily for 24 weeks | 18 mild-to-moderate patients with CD | 24 weeks’ supplementation with up to 5,000 IU/day vitamin D3 effectively raised serum 25(OH)D3 and reduced CD activity index scores in a small cohort of CD patients |
| Pappa et al108 | Randomized, controlled clinical trial | Vitamin D2 2,000 IU/day (arm A) or vitamin D3 2,000 IU/day (arm B) or vitamin D2 50,000 IU/week (arm C) for 6 weeks | 61 children with IBD (25[OH]D level <20 ng/mL) | Oral doses of 2,000 IU vitamin D3 daily and 50,000 IU vitamin D2 weekly for 6 weeks was superior to 2,000 IU vitamin D2 daily for 6 weeks in raising serum 25(OH)D concentration, and was well tolerated among children and adolescents with IBD |
| Miheller et al109 | Randomized, controlled clinical trial | 1,25(OH)2D3 (active vitamin D or plain vitamin D [pVD]) | 37 inactive CD patients | 1,25(OH)2D3 had a more prominent short-term beneficial effect than pVD on disease activity of CD |