Table 6.
Summary of major clinical studies evaluating the relationship between vitamin D status and chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk
| Source | Study design | Objective | Population (cases) | Main outcome(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pilz et al116 | Prospective cohort study | To investigate the relationship between the vitamin D status and mortality of CKD | 444 CKD patients | Low 25(OH)D3 levels were associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in CKD patients |
| Santoro et al117 | Cross-sectional study | To investigate the relationship between the vitamin D status and mortality of CKD | 104 CKD patients | Vitamin D has been shown to reduce the probability of cardiovascular or renal events; vitamin D intake for more than 12 months can reduce the probability of such events by 11.42% |
| London et al119 | Cross-sectional study | To investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and cardiovascular risk factors | 104 CKD patients (end stage) | Vitamin D deficiency and low 1,25(OH)2D3 could be associated with arteriosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in hemodialysis patients |
| Isakova et al114 | Cross-sectional study | To investigate the relationship between vitamin D level, inflammation, and albuminuria | 1,847 participants | Low 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were independently associated with albuminuria; vitamin D deficiency may contribute to inflammation and subsequent albuminuria |
| Petchey et al115 | Cross-sectional study | To investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and maximum aerobic-exercise capacity in patients with CKD | 85 CKD participants | Vitamin D was independently associated with aerobic capacity in CKD patients |
| Satirapoj et al113 | Cross-sectional study | To investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and the staging of CKD | 2,895 CKD patients | 25(OH)D3 insufficiency and deficiency were more common and associated with level of kidney function in the Thai CKD population, especially in advanced-stage CKD |
| Schaible et al121 | Cross-sectional study | To investigate the effect of vitamin D status on fetuin-A in CKD patients | 112 pediatric patients | Cumulative intake of 25(OH)D3 and calcitriol were significantly correlated with fetuin-A in CKD patients |
| Seeherunvong et al118 | Cross-sectional, retrospective study | To assess the prevalence of abnormal vitamin D status in children and adolescents with CKD | 258 patients with early CKD | Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency may contribute to growth deficits during the earliest stages of CKD |