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. 2014 May 27;6:183–198. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S59838

Table 1.

National population-weighted latitudes and average annual calculated ultraviolet B exposures

Country Latitude Longitude UVB/year (kJ/m2) LNP% CD inc/105 UC inc/105 Population (in millions) Median year Reference for IBD Reference for lactase
Argentina 34 64 10,033 80λ 0.06 2.17 36.95 2000 23 Web**
China 32 105 7,492 92 0.85 – 1,300 2003 23 50
Greece 39 22 7,258 75 2.76* 3.9* 10.66 1998 23 51
Iran 32 53 9,909 86 0.29* 0.42 70.58 2006 42 52
Israel 35 34 9,951 72 5 5.04 5.9 2000 27 24,26
Japan 36 138 6,490 90 0.9 0.28 125.7 1996 23 53
South Korea 37 137 6,562 76 0.53 1.51 47.47 2000 23 30
Lebanon 33 35 9,213 78 1.4 4.1 3.76 2007 23 54
Malaysia 3 102 12,420 88 0.5λ 0.5λ 23.95 2000 33–34 55
South Africa 29 24 11,074 91 1.79* 2.64* 35.2 1990 23 31
Sri Lanka 7 81 13,417 72.5 0.09 0.69 19.37 2003 23 56
Taiwan 25 121 9,847 92 2 – 23.1 2011 23 50
Tunisia 37 9 8,342 79.7 1.24 – 8.79 1994 43 57
Turkey 40 35 6,798 71.3 2.2 4.4 63.63 2000 23 58
Australia 34 133 8,921 6 6.96 17.4* 19.15 2000 23 59
Austria 48 13 4,560 19.8 6.7 4.8 8.1 2003 44 24
Barbados 13 59 15,300 – 0.7 1.85 0.27 2003 23 –
Belgium 51 4 3,951 13 4 3.22 10.13 1995 23 36
Canada 46 95 4,809 6.6 13.4 11.8 30.69 2000 23 24
Czech Republic 50 15 4,138 18 1.5 1.3 10.193 2000 23 24
Denmark 56 10 3,513 4 4.6 13.2 5.33 2000 23 24
Estonia 59 26 3,189 25 1.4 1.7 1.43 2000 23 60
Finland 60 26 2,876 17 9.2 24.8 5.3 2007 45 24
Germany 51 9 4,054 14.6 4 3.23* 81.64 1995 23 24
Iceland 64 18 1,745 4 5.5 16.5 0.26 1992 23 38
Ireland 53 8 3,349 4 5.9 14.8 3.6 1996 23 24
The Netherlands 52 5 3,775 4 6.9 10 16.15 2003 23 38
New Zealand 39 174 7,004 9 13.75* 6.07* 3.86 2000 23 61
Norway 60 10 2,820 4 5.8* 12.8* 4.55 2002 23 62
Slovakia 48 19 4,611 18 6.75 – 5.35 1994 23 24
Sweden 58 15 3,272 8 8.9 – 8.9 2000 27 63
Switzerland 47 8 4,826 10 1.6 – 5.9 1965 23 Web**
UK 53 2 3,657 5 8 2 58.17 1996 23 24
USA 37 97 7,315 28.5* 6.79* 11.23* 287.8 2002 23 24
Malta 36 14 8,375 34 1.29 7.88 0.39 2000 23 Web**
Oman 21 57 8,375 53λ – 1.35 1.6 1991 23 24
Panama 9 80 13,604 70λ 0 1.2 3.07 2002 23 Web**
Bosnia 44 18 5,556 35 2.3* 3.43* 3.9 2011 23 11
Brazil 19 55 11,334 57 1.48 3.96 176 2002 23 64
Chile 32 71 10,336 66 1λ 1λ 15.15 2000 32 24
Croatia 45 15 5,452 35 1.89 1.78* 4.28 2000 23 11
France 48 2 4,920 37 4.6 3.8 58.59 1998 23 11
Hungary 47 20 4,970 37 2.2*** 5.89* 10.4 2000 26 65
India 21 77 12,298 67.5 – 6.02 1,020 2001 23 66
Italy 42 12 6,470 51 2.28 5.17 56.11 1996 23 24,30
Kuwait 29 47 11,270 47 2.8 2.27 2.7 2010 23 67
Lithuania 55 24 3,640 35.6 2.01 11.9 3.4 2007 29,46 68
Mexico 21 102 13,692 70 – 2.13* 102.6 2002 47 11
Poland 51 20 4,011 37.5 0.1 1.8 38.2 2003 29 69
Portugal 40 8 7,123 40λ 2.99 3.6 9.9 1990 23 37
Romania 46 25 5,367 55λ 0.5 0.97 21.8 2002 23 29
Saudi Arabia 25 45 13,042 53 1.66 – 22.3 2003 48 24
Serbia 44 21 5,426 35 1.84* 1.31* 7.7 1996 23 11
Spain 40 4 7,156 34 5.5 8 40.28 2000 23 24
Uruguay 33 56 8,810 65 0.74 4.26 3.3 2003 49 70

Notes: Lactase nonpersistence frequencies are derived from the indexed references. Incidence/105 of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are derived from the indexed references. The population data were obtained from on-line information and are matched as closely as possible to median year of disease incidence acquisition.

*

Countries denoted where national rates are calculated; λ, countries denoted where national rates are estimated

***

calculation from Molodecky et al23 for Hungary was 4.6.

Abbreviations: CD, Crohn’s disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; inc, incidence; LNP, lactase nonpersistence; UC, ulcerative colitis; UVB, ultraviolet B exposure.