Table 1.
Scientific Evidence on Populations That May Be Sensitive to Associations of Ozone Exposure With Mortality and Hospital Admissions, 1988–2013
| Outcome | Statistically Significant Results |
Lack of Statistically Significant Evidence |
Evidence of Association | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Studies | Reference No(s). | No. of Studies | Reference No(s). | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Mortality | Limited or suggestive evidence of higher associations in women | ||||
| Individual data | 11 | 31, 32, 44, 45, 67–73 | |||
| Higher risk in women | 2 | 22, 23 | |||
| Hospitalization | |||||
| Individual data | 18 | 37, 39, 43, 74–88 | |||
| Higher risk in women | 5 | 24–28 | |||
| Higher risk in men | 1 | 28 | |||
| Age | |||||
| Mortality | Strong evidence of higher associations in older populations | ||||
| Individual data | 32 | 1, 8, 29, 44, 46, 67, 69, 70, 73, 95–117 | |||
| Higher risk with higher age | 11 | 22, 23, 45, 71, 72, 89–94 | |||
| Lower risk with higher age | 4 | 30–32, 93 | |||
| Community data | 0 | 1 | 29 | ||
| Hospitalization | 26 | ||||
| Individual data | 24–27, 37, 43, 74, 77, 78, 80–83, 86–88, 108, 126–134 | ||||
| Higher risk with higher age | 13 | 28, 33–36, 118–125 | |||
| Higher risk with lower age | 9 | 28, 33–36, 38–40, 84 | |||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| Mortality | Weak evidence of higher associations in minority populations | ||||
| Individual data | 0 | 2 | 22, 44 | ||
| Community data | 1 | 42 | |||
| Higher risk for higher minority population | 1 | 41 | |||
| Hospitalization (individual data) | 2 | 24, 43 | |||
| Higher for minority populations | 2 | 27, 135 | |||
| Lower for minority populations | 1 | 27 | |||
| Education | |||||
| Mortality | Weak evidence of higher associations with lower educational level | ||||
| Individual data | 5 | 22, 44, 46, 69, 72 | |||
| Lower risk with higher education | 1 | 45 | |||
| Higher risk for unknown education than for known education | 1 | 31 | |||
| Higher risk for known education than for unknown education | 1 | 31 | |||
| Community data | 0 | 1 | 42 | ||
| Hospitalization | |||||
| Community data | 0 | 2 | 75, 76 | ||
| Income | |||||
| Mortality | No evidence of ozone sensitivity by income | ||||
| Community data | 0 | 6 | 23, 42, 44, 45, 47, 136 | ||
| Hospitalization | |||||
| Community data | 0 | 3 | 75, 76, 137 | ||
| Employment/Occupation | |||||
| Mortality | Strong evidence of higher associations with lower employment status | ||||
| Individual data | 0 | ||||
| Higher risk for lower-level employment | 3 | 31, 45, 46 | |||
| Higher risk for higher-level employment | 1 | 46 | |||
| Community data | 9 | ||||
| Higher risk with higher unemployment | 2 | 29, 41 | |||
| Poverty | |||||
| Mortality | Weak evidence of higher associations in high-poverty areas | ||||
| Community data | 0 | 2 | 44, 47 | ||
| Hospitalization | |||||
| Community data | 2 | 48, 49 | |||
| Higher risk for higher-poverty areas | 1 | 36 | |||
| Air Conditioning | |||||
| Mortality | Weak evidence of higher associations with lower AC prevalence | ||||
| Community data | 0 | ||||
| Higher risk with lower AC prevalence | 3 | 6, 41, 42 | |||
| Higher risk with higher AC prevalence | 2 | 22, 42 | |||
| Hospitalization | |||||
| Community data | 0 | ||||
| Higher risk with lower AC prevalence | 1 | 48 | |||
Abbreviation: AC, air conditioning.