Table 1.
Day and night Solidago altissima individual herbivore-induced volatile organic compounds (VOC; means ± standard error; untransformed data shown)
| |
Daytime HIPV |
Nighttime HIPV |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Exposure treatment |
|||||
| |
Eurosta
|
Control |
|
Eurosta
|
Control |
|
| Compounds in S. altissima VOC blend | Induced VOC (ng cm -2 ) ± SE | Induced VOC (ng cm -2 ) ± SE | t -statistic ( P -value) | Induced VOC (ng cm -2 ) ± SE | Induced VOC (ng cm -2 ) ± SE | t -statistic ( P -value) |
| (Z)-3-hexen1ol |
1.00 ± 0.03 |
0.32 ± 0.17 |
1.62 (0.12) |
0.84 ± 0.22 |
0.04 ± 0.35 |
1.95 (0.07) |
| α-pinene |
9.29 ± 2.8 |
2.79 ± 0.95 |
2.83 (0.01)* |
3.76 ± 0.93 |
1.49 ± 0.62 |
2.76 (0.01)* |
| Camphene |
0.56 ± 0.27 |
0.13 ± 0.08 |
1.78 (0.09) |
0.11 ± 0.04 |
0.06 ± 0.04 |
- |
| β-pinene |
4.45 ± 1.4 |
1.44 ± 0.49 |
2.73 (0.01)* |
1.12 ± 0.36 |
0.44 ± 0.21 |
2.56 (0.02)* |
| Myrcene |
7.42 ± 1.3 |
5.43 ± 1.7 |
2.03 (0.06) |
1.68 ± 0.31 |
0.69 ± 0.24 |
2.88 (0.01)* |
| (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate |
5.43 ± 1.8 |
3.41 ± 1.4 |
- |
5.53 ± 0.83 |
0.92 ± 0.83 |
1.63 (0.12) |
| Limonene |
14.3 ± 2.9 |
8.76 ± 3.2 |
2.12 (0.05)* |
3.31 ± 0.54 |
1.53 ± 0.54 |
2.65 (0.02)* |
| (E)-β-ocimene |
0.66 ± 0.25 |
0.39 ± 0.33 |
- |
0.11 ± 0.04 |
0.05 ± 0.04 |
- |
| Linalool |
0.22 ± 0.05 |
0.20 ± 0.094 |
- |
0.09 ± 0.02 |
0.05 ± 0.02 |
1.81 (0.09) |
| Nonatriene1 |
0.93 ± 0.27 |
0.98 ± 0.46 |
- |
0.16 ± 0.05 |
0.11 ± 0.05 |
- |
| (Z)-3-hexenyl isobutyrate |
0.07 ± 0.04 |
0.03 ± 0.018 |
- |
0.09 ± 0.01 |
0.03 ± 0.01 |
1.93 (0.07) |
| (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate |
0.07 ± 0.02 |
0.062 ± 0.023 |
- |
0.03 ± 0.01 |
0.04 ± 0.01 |
- |
| (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate |
0.09 ± 0.02 |
0.089 ± 0.036 |
- |
0.04 ± 0.01 |
0.03 ± 0.01 |
- |
| Bornyl acetate |
0.89 ± 0.32 |
0.594 ± 0.33 |
1.74 (0.09) |
0.03 ± 0.01 |
0.12 ± 0.06 |
2.2 (0.04)* |
| (Z)-jasmone |
0.27 ± 0.14 |
0.224 ± 0.093 |
- |
0.04 ± 0.03 |
-0.07 ± 0.03 |
2.1 (0.04)* |
| β-caryophyllene |
0.84 ± 0.23 |
0.655 ± 0.24 |
- |
0.28 ± 0.05 |
0.12 ± 0.05 |
2.1 (0.05)* |
| α-humulene |
0.05 ± 0.02 |
0.006 ± 0.038 |
- |
0.03 ± 0.01 |
-0.03 ± 0.01 |
2.9 (0.009)* |
| β-farnescene |
0.27 ± 0.07 |
0.238 ± 0.084 |
- |
0.09 ± 0.01 |
0.03 ± 0.01 |
2.6 (0.02)* |
| GermacreneD |
4.65 ± 1.0 |
3.37 ± 1.1 |
- |
1.35 ± 0.20 |
0.46 ± 0.20 |
2.4 (0.03)* |
| α-farnescene |
0.26 ± 0.09 |
0.349 ± 0.17 |
- |
0.10 +/0.02 |
0.06 ± 0.03 |
- |
| Nerolidol |
0.03 ± 0.02 |
0.10 ± 0.083 |
- |
0.01 ± 0.01 |
0.01 ± 0.01 |
- |
| Tridecatetraene |
0.02 ± 0.02 |
0.05 ± 0.045 |
- |
0.008 ± 0.01 |
0.02 ± 0.01 |
- |
| Indole | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | - | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.008 ± 0.004 | - |
1(3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene.
Within daytime and nighttime collections, asterisks (*) indicate statistical comparisons (t-tests) of volatile constituents that were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05; data shown are untransformed, but statistical analyses were performed on square-root transformed data) between plants that were exposed to the E. solidaginis emission and untreated control plants. Dashes (−) indicate overlapping standard errors so no t-tests were conducted. All compounds detected and identified in the S. altissima volatile blend are included here.