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. 2014 Jun 25;9(6):e100768. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100768

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© 2014 Fina et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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New (left): knowledge generated by this paper. Thick black arrows and thick dashed lines indicate what happens when fluoride arrives at mitochondrial membrane. Known (right): known effects of fluoride on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes. F: fluoride; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase: CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, I: Complex I-NADH dehydrogenase, II: Complex II-Succinate dehydrogenase, III: Complex III-Cytochrome bc1 complex, IV: Complex IV-Cytochrome c oxidase, cyt c: Cytochrome c, Q: Ubiquinone, QH₂: Reduced ubiquinone, O₂ ^.: superoxide radical, H₂O₂: hydroxide peroxide, NO: Nitric oxide, ONOO⁻: peroxynitrite.