Table 3. Intervention Effect by Type of Comparison: Random-Effects Estimates and Tests, Outliers Omitted.

Comparison type	k	Q	${\widehat{\mu }}_{\delta }$	$SE\left({\widehat{\mu }}_{\delta }\right)$	μδ 95% CI	${\widehat{\sigma }}_{\delta }$	I 2
Supervised exercise
Between-group	301	399 1***	0.22***	0.027	(0.16, 0.27)	0.18	.25
Treatment vs. control within-group	292	234.0	0.20***	0.015	(0.17, ,0.23)	0	0
Treatment within-group	763	1408.5***	0.20***	0.009	(0.18, 0.22)	0.15	.46
Control within-group	218	110.9	−0.03*	0.013	(−0.05, −0.00)	0	0
Motivational interventions
Between-group	76	109.3**	0 09***	0.018	(0.06, 0.13)	0.06	.31
Treatment vs. control within-group	67	358.1***	0.10***	0.017	(0.06, 0.13)	0.11	.82
Treatment within-group	436	13927.6***	0.20***	0.012	(0.18, 0.22)	0.23	.97
Control within-group	56	331.0***	−0.04**	0.014	(−0.07, −0.01)	0.08	.83

Note. Under homogeneity (H₀: δ_i = δ), Q is distributed approximately as chi-square with df = k − 1, where k is the number of (possibly dependent) observed effect sizes; this also tests the between-studies variance component, ${\sigma }_{\delta }^2$ (H₀: ${\sigma }_{\delta }^2$ = 0). Weighted method of moments used to estimate ${\sigma }_{\delta }^2$.

^†p < .10.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < 001 (for Q and ${\widehat{\mu }}_{\delta }$).