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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 26.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 8;70(7):663–671. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.013

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Blood levels of cytokines (or cytokine receptors or antagonists) in schizophrenia by clinical status. Effect sizes for levels of individual cytokines (or cytokine receptors or antagonists) in acute relapse of psychosis (AR) and drug-naive first-episode psychosis (FEP) versus control subjects are represented by red and blue bars, respectively. For AR and FEP, positive effect sizes (bars going to the right) indicate that levels were higher in schizophrenia than control subjects; negative effect sizes (bars going to the left) indicate that levels were higher in control subjects than in patients with schizophrenia. Note that for IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-2, effect sizes are very similar for both AR and FEP. Similarly, effect sizes for changes in levels of individual cytokines (or cytokine receptors or antagonists) following antipsychotic treatment for an acute illness exacerbation are represented by green bars. Positive effect sizes (bars going to the right) indicate that levels increased following antipsychotic treatment; negative effect sizes (bars going to the left) mean that levels decreased following antipsychotic treatment. IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; IL-1RA, IL-1 receptor antagonist; sIL-2R, soluble IL-2 receptor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.