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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jun 26.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 8;70(7):663–671. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.013

Table 1.

Meta-Analyses of Cytokine (and Cytokine Receptor or Antagonist) Levels by Clinical Status

Cytokine N Studies Patients Control Subjects Mean ES 95% CI 95% CI p Value Heterogeneity
 I2 References
χ 2 p Value
Acutely Relapsed Inpatients
    IL-10 2 46 52 –.57 – .98 – .17 .006 3.40 .07 70.6 44,69
    IL-2 2 43 199 –.26 – .60 .08 .13 13.93 < .01 92.8 46,50
    sIL-2R 2 32 94 .27 – .13 .68 .19 1.83 .18 45.2 42,57
    IFN-γ 2 57 202 .49 .18 .80 .002 3.12 .08 67.9 44,50
    IL-1RA 2 32 94 .49 .07 .90 .02 8.17 < .01 87.8 42,57
    TGF-β 2 78 262 .53 .26 .79 < .001 4.94 .03 79.8 49,50
    IL-8 2 46 52 .59 .18 1.00 .004 2.05 .15 51.1 44,69
    IL-1β
    TNF-α 4 97 290 .73 .46 .99 .001 82.47 < .01 96.4 42,44,50,69
    IL-12
    IL-6 6 156 373 .96 .74 1.18 < .001 119.00 < .01 95.8 3,39,44,46,50,69
Drug-Naïve First-Episode Psychosis
    IL-10
    IL-2 4 116 276 – .09 – .32 .14 .44 11.16 .01 73.1 41,46,50,87
    sIL-2R 3 30 97 1.03 .55 1.52 < .001 10.10 < .01 80.2 23,38,75
    IFN-γ 2 48 189 .57 .24 .90 .001 2.52 .11 60.3 41,50
    IL-1RA
    TGF-β 2 81 262 .48 .22 .74 < .001 9.86 < .01 89.9 49,50
    IL-8
    IL-1β 3 151 152 .60 .37 .84 < .001 11.27 < .01 82.3 46,86,87
    TNF-α 4 200 323 .81 .61 1.01 < .001 33.74 < .01 91.1 36,50,86,87
    IL-12 2 78 113 .98 .61 1.35 < .001 47.31 < .01 97.9 31,58
    IL-6 4 117 275 1.40 1.14 1.65 < .001 82.80 < .01 96.4 12,36,46,80
CSF
    IL-10
    IL-2 4 100 57 – .01 – .35 .32 .94 3.33 .34 9.9 25,34,51,77
    sIL-2R
    IFN-γ
    IL-1RA
    TGF-β
    IL-8
    IL-1β 2 13 15 – .99 –1.78 – .20 .01 .22 .64 .0 25,45
    TNF-α
    IL-12 2 40 24 .29 –.24 .81 .29 2.25 .13 55.6 6,25
    IL-6 2 42 31 –.34 –.81 .14 .16 2.21 .14 54.7 51,77
Following Antipsychotic Treatment
    IL-10
    IL-2 4 132 132 49 –.03 –.27 .22 .84 8.29 .04 63.8 46,47,50,70
    sIL-2R 3 90 90 69 .30 .01 .60 .04 2.19 .34 8.6 63,81,84
    IFN-γ 2 62 62 47 –.22 –.55 .11 .19 .64 .42 .0 47,50
    IL-1RA
    TGF-β 2 119 119 56 –.37 –.63 –.11 .005 7.38 <.01 86.5 49,50
    IL-8
    IL-1β 3 127 127 37 –.45 –.70 .20 <.001 .31 .85 .0 46,47,86
    TNF-α 3 171 171 47 –.16 –.37 .06 .15 .52 .77 .0 50,86
    IL-12 3 104 104 42 .33 .06 .60 .02 3.77 .15 46.9 31,47,48
    IL-6 5 164 164 50 –.31 –.54 .08 .008 5.65 .23 29.3 37,46,47,50,70

CI, confidence interval; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ES, effect size; I2 squared; IFN-γ, interferon-γ; IL, interleukin; IL-1RA, IL-1 receptor antagonist; sIL-2R, soluble IL-2 receptor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.