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. 2014 Jul 22;281(1787):20140619. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0619

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© 2014 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 2. — Hv1a/GNA consumption does not affect honeybee learning and memory. (a) The rate of learning is reduced in the positive control (the calcium channel blocker, benidipine HCl; Ben), whereas acute exposure to Hv1a/GNA (Hv1a), or GNA, does not significantly influence olfactory learning relative to the control (Con). N_control = 20, N_GNA = 20, N_Ben = 23, N_Hv1a/GNA = 23. (b) Short term memory (STM) was impaired for the Ben group, but not for the other treatments (lsc comparisons against the control: GNA, p = 0.740, Ben, p = 0.025, Hv1a/GNA, p = 0.661). (c) The rate of learning was not significantly different for bees fed Hv1a/GNA for 7 days. N_control = 26, N_Hv1a/GNA = 20. (d) STM (10 min) and long term memory (24 h) were not significantly different for bees fed Hv1a/GNA prior to conditioning; con, control; Hv1a, Hv1a/GNA. Data represent mean response probabilities ± 95% CIs. (Online version in colour.)