Table 3.

Effects of isolation rearing immediately post-weaning on drug abuse-related behaviors in rodents¹

Model	Drug	Dose	Effect	References
Self-administration	Amphetamine	0.03 mg/kg, i.v.	↑ amphetamine intake	Bardo et al, 2001
		0.004–0.25 mg/kg, i.v.; 0.025 mg/ml, oral	Ø amphetamine intake	Bardo et al, 2001; Schenk et al, 1988; Zimmerberg & Brett 1992
		0.25 µg/side, intracranial (NAc)	↓ amphetamine intake	Phillips et al, 1994a+
	Cocaine	0.04–0.75 mg/kg, i.v.	↑ cocaine intake	Boyle et al, 1991; Ding et al, 2005; Gipson et al, 201 1aΔ; Howes et al, 2000; Schenk et al, 1987; Phillips et al, 1994b+
		0.023–1.5 mg/kg, i.v.	Ø cocaine intake	Boyle et al, 1991; Howes et al, 2000; Phillips et al, 1994a+,b+; Schenk et al, 1987
		0.047–1.5 mg/kg, i.v.; 40 mg %, oral	↓ cocaine intake	Howes et al, 2000; Morse et al, 1993+; Phillips et al, 1994a+; Schenk et al, 1987+
	Morphine	0.5 mg/ml, oral	↑ morphine intake	Alexander et al, 1978+
	Sufentanil aerosol	50 µg/ml, inhalation	↑ sufentanil intake	Weinhold et al, 1993+
	Ethanol*	5–20%, oral	↑ ethanol intake	Advani et al, 2007 (males, only in females with a history of MS); Deehan et al, 2007+; Hall et al, 1998; Lodge & Lawrence, 2003+; Lopez et al, 2011; McCool & Chappell 2009+; Schenk et al, 1990+; Wolffgramm 1990+; Wolffgramm & Heyne, 1991+
		2–20%, oral	Ø ethanol intake	Advani et al, 2007; Doremus et al, 2005; McCool & Chappell, 2009†; Rockman et al, 1988+; Schenk et al, 1990+
		2.5–10%, oral	↓ ethanol intake	Pisu et al, 2011
		10%, oral training dose	Ø extinction responding   for ethanol	McCool & Chappell, 2009
CPP	Amphetamine	0.031 – 2.0 mg/kg, s.c	Ø amphetamine CPP	Bowling & Bardo, 1994; Schenk et al, 1986
		1.5, 5 mg/kg, i.p.	↓ amphetamine CPP	Wongwitchdecha & Marsden 1995
	Cocaine	5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.	↑ cocaine CPP	Zakharova et al, 2009
		0.31 – 2.5 mg/kg, s.c.	↓ cocaine CPP	Schenk et al, 1986
	Morphine	5.0 mg/kg, s.c.	↑ morphine CPP	Kennedy et al, 2011 (BALB: anti-social strain)
		0.25 – 5.0 mg/kg, s.c.	Ø morphine CPP	Kennedy et al, 2011 (B6: social strain)
		0.25 mg/kg, s.c.	↓ morphine CPP	Kennedy et al, 2011 (BALB: anti-social strain)
	Heroin	80 µg/kg, s.c.	Ø heroin CPP	Schenk et al, 1983
		20 – 40µg/kg, s.c.	↓ heroin CPP	Schenk et al, 1985; Schenk et al, 1983
Extinction CPP	Cocaine	12.5 mg/kg, i.p. training	↓ weeks to extinguish	Ribeiro Do Couto et al, 2009
		dose	cocaine CPP
Reinstatement CPP		50 mg/kg, i.p. training dose	Ø reinstatement	Ribeiro Do Couto et al, 2009 (25 mg/kg, s.c. priming dose)
		50 mg/kg, i.p. training dose	↓ reinstatement	Ribeiro Do Couto et al, 2009 (12 mg/kg, s.c. priming dose)

¹Isolation immediately post-weaning (i.e., beginning PND 20–25)

⁺Isolation housing ≥ 90 days

^ΔEnriched environment control (Note - in all other studies controls were social-reared)

^†Forced consumption only

^*Choice ethanol consumption