Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the non-diabetic and diabetic groups.
| Non-diabetic group | Diabetic group | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 67 | 61 | |
| Age (years) | 67 ± 9 | 65 ± 8 | NS |
| Sex (women, %) | 59 | 49 | NS |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 4 | 29.1 ± 5 | < 0.0001 |
| Mini-Mental State Exam (1–30) | 28.2 ± 1.8 | 28.2 ± 1.8 | NS |
| Diabetes duration (years) | – | 12.7 ± 9 | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.6 ± 10.8 | 133.5 ± 8.5 | NS |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.5 ± 8.4 | 71 ± 7.6 | NS |
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 20/47 | 38/23 | 0.0003 |
| Peripheral neuropathy (%) | 18 | 51 | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (yes/no) | 7/60 | 34/27 | < 0.0001 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.14 ± 0.14 | 1.05 ± 0.15 | 0.0004 |
| Rating of perceived exertion (1–10) | 1.49 ± 1.43 | 2.17 ± 2.13 | 0.0386 |
| Global gray matter (cm3) | 639 ± 82 | 620 ± 62 | NS |
| Global white matter (cm3) | 436 ± 56 | 424 ± 52 | NS |
| Global white matter hyperintensities (cm3) | 11 ± 7 | 13 ± 7 | NS |
| Global vasoreactivity (mL/100g/min/mmHg) | 0.98 ± 0.09 | 1.10 ± 0.09 | NS |
| Global vasodilation reserve (mL/100g/min/mmHg) | 0.35 ± 1.7 | 0.44 ± 1.7 | NS |
| Global vasoconstriction reserve (mL/100g/min/mmHg) | 1.5 ± 3.2 | 1.4 ± 2.5 | NS |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.7 ± 0.3 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 40.4 ± 3.7 | 39.3 ± 3.7 | NS |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 84.7 ± 12.3 | 121.7 ± 43.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 194 ± 36 | 166 ± 38.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Cholesterol-to-HDL ratio | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | NS |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 130.2 ± 70 | 146 ± 94.6 | NS |
Data = means ± SD unless otherwise indicated. p = between-group comparisons. NS = non-significant.