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The TGF-β canonical signaling pathway. After the ligand binds to TβRII, the TGF-β receptors are dimerized and recruit Smad proteins. The Smad2 and/or Smad3 complex is phosphorylated by TβRI and forms a complex with Smad4. This complex subsequently translocates to the nucleus where it binds to specific transcription factors (TF) and induces the transcription of TGF-β dependent genes.
