Table 4.
Sociodemographic characteristics and feeding practices for full sample and by level of maternal depressive symptoms 1
|
Total |
Lower level maternal depressive symptoms
2
|
Elevated maternal depressive symptoms
3
|
P -value 4 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 295 | n = 204 | n = 91 | |||
|
Sociodemographic characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
| Child age, months |
70.83 ± 8.32 |
70.60 ± 8.09 |
71.33 ± 8.84 |
NS |
|
| Child sex male |
152 (52) |
104 (50.98) |
48 (53) |
NS |
|
| Number of older siblings |
0.92 ± 1.01 |
0.90 ± 0.99 |
0.95 ± 1.06 |
NS |
|
| Maternal age, n = 294 |
30.99 ± 7.03 |
31.02 ± 6.87 |
30.93 ± 7.41 |
NS |
|
| Maternal BMI, n = 293 |
33.08 ± 9.36 |
32.60 ± 9.07 |
34.16 ± 9.95 |
NS |
|
| Maternal education ≤ high school |
141 (48) |
90 (44.12) |
51 (56) |
NS |
|
| Mother Hispanic/non-white |
95 (32) |
66 (32.35) |
29 (32) |
NS |
|
| Mother single parent |
132 (45) |
88 (43.14) |
44 (48) |
NS |
|
|
Feeding practices |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Questionnaires |
|
|
|
|
|
| Perceived responsibility |
4.45 ± 0.65 |
4.46 ± 0.66 |
4.43 ± 0.65 |
NS |
|
| Pressure to eat |
2.72 ± 1.07 |
2.61 ± 1.04 |
2.97 ± 1.11 |
<.01 |
|
| Restriction, n = 294 |
3.31 ± 0.92 |
3.24 ± 0.94 |
3.48 ± 0.86 |
<.05 |
|
| Monitoring |
4.01 ± 1.03 |
3.99 ± 1.06 |
4.05 ± 0.99 |
NS |
|
| Demandingness |
2.55 ± 0.55 |
2.49 ± 0.52 |
2.67 ± 0.60 |
<.01 |
|
| Concern about child weight |
1.72 ± 0.91 |
1.69 ± 0.95 |
1.80 ± 0.83 |
NS |
|
| Perceived child weight |
|
|
|
NS |
|
| Underweight |
54 (18) |
34 (17) |
20 (22) |
|
|
| Normal |
203 (69) |
142 (70) |
61 (67) |
|
|
| Overweight |
38 (13) |
28 (14) |
10 (11) |
|
|
| Food Fussiness, n = 291 |
2.73 ± 0.77 |
2.70 ± 0.80 |
2.78 ± 0.67 |
NS |
|
|
Interviews, n = 293 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Authority |
|
|
|
< .001 |
|
| Low |
70 (24) |
36 (18) |
34 (38) |
|
|
| High |
223 (76) |
167 (82) |
56 (62) |
|
|
| Confidence |
|
|
|
NS |
|
| Not confident |
65 (22) |
40 (20) |
25 (28) |
|
|
| Confident |
228 (78) |
163 (80) |
65 (72) |
|
|
| Investment |
|
|
|
NS |
|
| Removed |
61 (21) |
36 (18) |
25 (28) |
|
|
| Mildly |
143 (49) |
101 (50) |
42 (47) |
|
|
| Deeply |
89 (30) |
66 (33) |
23 (26) |
|
|
|
Home meal observations, n = 270 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Child always eats at table |
221 (82) |
158 (85) |
63 (75) |
<.05 |
|
| TV always audible during meal |
76 (28) |
44 (24) |
32 (38) |
<.05 |
|
| Mother always eats with child |
161 (60) |
121 (65) |
40 (48) |
<.01 |
|
|
Laboratory eating interactions, n = 228 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Encouragements |
Familiar food |
4.46 ± 4.59 |
4.26 ± 4.30 |
4.84 ± 5.11 |
NS |
| |
Unfamiliar food |
6.96 ± 7.51 |
7.17 ± 7.34 |
6.56 ± 7.87 |
NS |
| Discouragements |
Familiar food |
1.96 ± 3.15 |
2.09 ± 3.39 |
1.69 ± 2.64 |
NS |
| Unfamiliar food | 1.24 ± 2.34 | 1.15 ± 2.22 | 1.40 ± 2.57 | NS | |
1Total sample size n = 295 unless otherwise stated. Values expressed as “number of participants (%)” or “mean ± SD”. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding. NS = Non-significant.
2Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) score < 16.
3CES-D score ≥ 16.
4P-values calculated using t-tests for continuous variables, Chi-square tests for categorical variables, and unadjusted Poisson regression for count data.