Table 2.
F tests of poverty, household, caregiver and child characteristics by orphans status on psychosocial outcomes
| |
Anxiety/depression |
Affability |
Resilience |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orphans | Non orphans | Orphans | Non orphans | Orphans | Non orphans | |
|
Poverty related indicators: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty threshold (threshold = 37.5USD per capita per month)1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Households below poverty threshold |
37.04 (9.79) |
36.66 (10.36) |
35.53 (5.46) |
36.31 (5.80) |
23.38 (3.73) |
23.64 (4.08) |
| Households above poverty threshold |
35.25 (9.67) |
33.18 (8.91) |
36.45 (4.86) |
36.83 (5.81) |
23.53 (3.41) |
23.17 (4.11) |
| Monthly household income (incl grants) median = R1450 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Monthly household income below median of R1450 |
36.18 (10.00) |
35.91 (10.14) |
35.61 (5.69) |
36.61 (5.63) |
23.43 (3.71) |
23.75 (3.93) |
| Monthly household income above median of R1450 |
36.77 (9.62) |
35.29 (10.04) |
36.11 (4.97) |
36.42 (5.88) |
23.36 (3.59) |
23.30 (4.24) |
|
Household composition: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No. of inhabitants in household2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 – 4 people |
36.16 (9.97) |
33.20 (8.99) |
35.98 (5.14) |
36.83 (5.62) |
23.12 (3.74) |
23.51 (4.38) |
| 5 - 7 people |
34.97 (10.16) |
35.12 (9.09) |
36.15 (5.70) |
36.61 (5.66) |
24.08 (3.44) |
23.70 (3.65) |
| 8 – 10 people |
37.06 (8.99) |
37.61 (11.63) |
34.72 (5.63) |
36.79 (5.34) |
23.19 (3.76) |
23.65 (3.93) |
| More than 10 people |
38.02 (10.05) |
37.73 (9.92) |
36.83 (4.47) |
35.52 (6.39) |
23.26 (3.52) |
23.13 (4.62) |
|
3Dependency ratio4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1-3 children |
35.02 (10.00) |
34.56 (9.41) |
35.70 (5.47) |
36.72 (5.61) |
23.24 (3.61) |
23.64 (3.92) |
| 4-5 children |
35.83 (9.22) |
35.80 (10.20) |
35.86 (5.06) |
36.95 (5.59) |
23.75 (3.22) |
23.76 (3.83) |
| 6-7 children |
36.55 (10.10) |
37.40 (10.05) |
36.51 (5.80) |
37.30 (4.56) |
23.55 (3.93) |
23.78 (5.12) |
| More than 8 children |
38.97 (9.57) |
38.19 (10.14) |
35.31 (4.88) |
34.73 (6.82) |
22.63 (3.97) |
22.78 (5.12) |
| Number of adults in household5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1-2 adults |
36.35 (10.07) |
35.17 (10.00) |
35.69 (5.41) |
36.40 (5.75) |
23.41 (3.68) |
23.39 (4.09) |
| 3-4 adults |
34.97 (9.22) |
35.62 (9.78) |
35.89 (5.78) |
37.10 (5.36) |
23.89 (3.68) |
23.89 (3.70) |
| 5 or more adults |
38.78 (9.63) |
37.30 (10.60) |
36.08 (4.62) |
35.93 (6.05) |
22.94 (3.40) |
23.35 (4.42) |
| Number of children in household6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 – 2 children |
36.82 (10.26) |
33.96 (9.31) |
36.15 (5.24) |
36.47 (5.75) |
23.28 (3.47) |
23.71 (4.20) |
| 3-4 children |
35.04 (9.01) |
35.79 (9.78) |
35.56 (5.53) |
36.79 (5.53) |
23.64 (3.45) |
23.39 (3.67) |
| 5-6 children |
37.58 (10.55) |
36.48 (10.30) |
35.96 (4.69) |
36.55 (5.82) |
23.32 (3.72) |
23.47 (3.80) |
| More than 7 children |
37.17 (9.56) |
38.12 (11.50) |
35.83 (5.93) |
35.85 (6.43) |
23.48 (3.98) |
23.04 (5.17) |
|
Caregiver characteristics: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Caregiver self-reported health7,8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poor health |
36.67 (9.15) |
36.82 (10.61) |
36.12 (5.27) |
35.89 (5.92) |
23.74 (3.48) |
23.17 (4.27) |
| Fair health |
37.67 (9.14) |
37.38 (10.00) |
33.36 (4.38) |
35.47 (5.24) |
22.28 (3.02) |
24.02 (3.06) |
| Good health |
36.15 (10.44) |
34.65 (9.52) |
35.48 (5.46) |
37.42 (5.40) |
23.11 (3.88) |
23.84 (4.09) |
| Excellent health |
33.08 (11.73) |
34.65 (9.53) |
39.92 (4.81) |
37.88 (5.62) |
24.33 (4.21) |
23.89 (3.77) |
| Caregiver impairment in last month9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
34.58 (9.10) |
34.55 (9.43) |
36.00 (4.74) |
37.27 (5.62) |
23.28 (3.37) |
23.85 (4.03) |
| Yes |
37.83 (9.86) |
37.16 (10.53) |
35.67 (5.76) |
35.84 (5.69) |
23.48 (3.79) |
23.26 (4.02) |
| Communication with caregiver about problems10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
39.75 (11.16) |
40.50 (9.93) |
33.05 (5.92) |
33.72 (6.93) |
23.50 (3.09) |
21.47 (4.30) |
| Sometimes |
36.71 (10.13) |
36.38 (10.53) |
35.06(5.49) |
35.06 (5.98) |
22.93 (4.00) |
22.74 (4.32) |
| Always |
35.11 (8.83) |
34.91 (9.71) |
37.31 (4.63) |
37.66 (5.10) |
24.07 (3.26) |
24.26 (3.70) |
| Caregiver is helpful when in need of help or material things11,12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
35.67 (6.25) |
40.38 (10.84) |
34.67 (5.29) |
31.75 (7.46) |
24.00 (2.74) |
20.00 (6.00) |
| Sometimes |
37.01 (10.06) |
35.68 (10.44) |
35.79 (5.73) |
35.36 (5.83) |
23.24 (4.022) |
22.62 (4.19) |
| Always |
35.69 (9.58) |
35.67 (9.80) |
36.28 (5.03) |
37.14 (5.55) |
23.78 (3.35) |
24.05 (3.79) |
|
Adolescent characteristics: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Child age13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 10 – 12 years |
34.52 (8.68) |
34.27 (10.73) |
35.71 (5.92) |
37.44 (5.99) |
23.11 (4.21) |
23.79 (4.40) |
| 13 – 15 years |
35.61 (9.19) |
35.46 (10.00) |
36.45 (5.32) |
37.23 (5.51) |
23.32 (3.90) |
23.62 (4.20) |
| 16 – 18 years |
38.21 (10.66) |
36.72 (9.66) |
35.20 (5.10) |
35.31 (5.59) |
23.81 (2.97) |
23.45 (3.60) |
| Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Males |
38.08 (9.95) |
36.10 (10.48) |
35.84 (5.34) |
36.56 (5.39) |
23.27 (3.71) |
23.68 (3.81) |
| Females | 35.57 (10.03) | 35.72 (9.36) | 35.54 (5.25) | 36.48 (6.07) | 23.52 (3.55) | 23.38 (4.36) |
1Significant main effect for Poverty threshold on anxiety and depression scores, F(1, 580) = 7.78, p < .05.
2Significant main effect for number of household inhabitants on Anxiety and Depression scores, F(3, 607) = 3.45, p < .05.
3Number of children the caregiver cares for in the household.
4Significant main effect for Dependency ratio on Anxiety and Depression scores, F(3,554) = 2.67, p < .05.
5Significant main effect for Number of adults in household on Anxiety and Depression scores, F(2, 609) = 3.20, p < .05.
6This is the total number of children in the household irrespective of whoever cares for them.
7Significant interaction effect between caregivers’ self-reported health and orphan status and the DV Affability, F(3, 606) = 2.69, p < .05.
8Significant main effect for caregivers’ self-reported health status on adolescents’ affability scores, F(3, 606) = 5.06, p < .01.
9Significant main effect for caregiver impairment in the past month on adolescent’s anxiety and depression scores, F(1, 604) = 12.16, p < .01.
10Significant main effect for Communication with caregiver about problems and adolescents’ anxiety and depression scores, F(2, 599) = 6.14, p < .0, affability scores, F(2, 603) = 19.99, p < .01, and resilience scores, F(2, 604) = 9.40, p < .01.
11Significant main effect for caregiver provision of help and assistance on adolescents’ affability sores, F(2, 601) = 5.21, p < .01 and resilience scores, F(2, 602) =5.39, p < .01.
12Significant interaction effect between orphan status and caregiver provision of help and assistance on adolescents’ resilience scores, F(2, 602) = 3.02, p < .05.
13Significant main effect for adolescents’ age on depression and anxiety scores, F(2, 615) = 3.76, p < .05 and affability scores, F(2, 619) = 5.16, p < .05.