Table 2.

Bivariate and multivariate GEE analysis of factors associated with crystal methamphetamine use in a cohort of street-involved youth (n=1091)

	Unadjusted		Adjusted
Characteristic	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Female
(yes vs. no)	0.90 (0.71 – 1.13)	0.367
Caucasian
(yes vs. no)	1.54 (1.20 – 1.96)	0.001	1.37 (1.04 – 1.81)	0.026
Homelessness†
(yes vs. no)	1.47 (1.29 – 1.68)	<0.001	1.34 (1.15 – 1.56)	<0.001
Injection drug use
(yes vs. no)	3.60 (2.99 – 4.33)	<0.001	3.40 (2.76 – 4.19)	<0.001
Daily marijuana use
(yes vs. no)	1.08 (0.93 – 1.26)	0.289
Cocaine use
(yes vs. no)	1.31 (1.14 – 1.50)	0.001
Crack cocaine smoking
(yes vs. no)	1.51 (1.29 –1.76)	<0.001
Heroin use
(yes vs. no)	2.10 (1.76 – 2.50)	<0.001
Non-fatal overdose
(yes vs. no)	1.94 (1.53 – 2.45)	<0.001	1.46 (1.07 – 2.00)	0.017
Requiring help injecting
(yes vs. no)	2.38 (1.89 – 3.00)	<0.001
Syringe sharing
(yes vs. no)	2.25 (1.69 – 3.00)	<0.001
Public injection
(yes vs. no)	2.30 (1.89 – 2.80)	<0.001
Hepatitis C positive
(yes vs. no)	1.17 (0.91 – 1.50)	0.219
HIV positive
(yes vs. no)	0.99 (0.35 – 2.78)	0.981
Unsafe sex
(yes vs. no)	1.20 (1.06 – 1.37)	0.006	1.13 (0.96 – 1.33)	0.140
Victim of violence
(yes vs. no)	1.31 (1.15 – 1.48)	<0.001	1.19 (1.02 – 1.38)	0.022
Police encounter
(yes vs. no)	1.41 (1.24 – 1.62)	<0.001
Incarceration
(yes vs. no)	1.17 (1.00 – 1.37)	0.048
Sex work
(yes vs. no)	1.87 (1.45 – 2.41)	<0.001	1.39 (1.03 – 1.86)	0.030
Drug dealing
(yes vs. no)	1.89 (1.65 – 1.17)	<0.001	1.60 (1.35 – 1.90)	<0.001

^†All behavioral variables refer to activities during the past six months.