Table 1.
Characteristics of Child Participants, Parents/Guardians, Households, and Homes (N = 24)a,b
| Nonsmoker households (n = 5), n (%) | Hookah-only smoker households (n = 19), n (%) | p c value | Frequency of hookah-only smoking | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daily hookah smoker (n = 8), n (%) | Weekly/monthly hookah smoker (n = 11), n (%) | |||||
| Child | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 3.30±0.7 | 2.68±1.1 | .262 | 2.38±1.1 | 2.91±1.2 | .324 |
| Median (range) | 3.0 (2.5–4) | 3.0 (1–4.5) | 2.3 (1–4) | 3.0 (1–4) | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 2 (40.0) | 9 (47.4) | 3 (37.5) | 6 (54.5) | ||
| Female | 3 (60.0) | 10 (52.6) | 5 (62.5) | 5 (45.5) | ||
| Physical health | ||||||
| Excellent | 4 (80.0) | 10 (52.6) | 3 (37.5) | 7 (63.6) | ||
| Good | 1 (20.0) | 9 (47.4) | 5 (62.5 | 4 (36.4) | ||
| Mental health | ||||||
| Excellent | 4 (80.0) | 11 (57.9) | 4 (50.0) | 7 (63.6) | ||
| Good | 1 (20.0) | 8 (42.1) | 4 (50.0) | 4 (36.4) | ||
| Parent or guardian | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 36.4±1.5 | 39.2±8.2 | .181 | 43.1±5.3 | 36.3±8.9 | .069 |
| Median | 37.0 | 40.0 | 42 | 34 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 0 (0.0) | 14 (73.7) | 4 (50.0) | 10 (90.9) | ||
| Female | 5 (100) | 5 (26.3) | 4 (50.0) | 1 (9.1) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Middle Eastern | 0 (0.0) | 18 (94.7) | 8 (100) | 10 (90.9) | ||
| Non-Middle Eastern White | 5 (100) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (9.1) | ||
| Relationship to child | ||||||
| Mother | 5 (100) | 5 (26.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (45.5) | ||
| Father | 0 (0.0) | 13 (68.4) | 7 (87.5) | 6 (54.5) | ||
| Other | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Household and home | ||||||
| Months residing in home | ||||||
| Mean ± SD | 43.0±43.4 | 20.1±18.4 | .308 | 15.4±10.8 | 23.5±22.3 | .355 |
| Median | 18.0 | 13.0 | 12.5 | 13.0 | ||
| Number of hookah smokers | ||||||
| One | 0 (0.0) | 10 (52.6) | 4 (50.0) | 6 (60.0) | ||
| Two | 0 (0.0) | 9 (47.4) | 4 (50.0) | 4 (40.0) | ||
| Type of home | ||||||
| House | 4 (80.0) | 7 (36.8) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (54.5) | ||
| Apartment | 1 (20.0) | 12 (63.2) | 7 (87.5) | 5 (45.5) | ||
| Number of bedrooms | ||||||
| Two | 1 (20.0) | 10 (52.6) | 5 (62.5) | 5 (45.5) | ||
| Three or more | 4 (80.0) | 9 (47.4) | 3 (37.5) | 6 (54.5) | ||
aHookah Smoking History Questionnaire, we used open-ended questions for continuous variables.
bHome and Household Characteristics Form.
cIndependent samples t test for significance at p < .05.